1. Surfactants don auna karyewar sassan jiki
Sau da yawa ana amfani da matakan karyewa a wuraren mai da ba su da isasshen iska. Sun haɗa da amfani da matsi don karya samuwar, ƙirƙirar tsagewa, sannan a haɗa waɗannan tsagewa da abubuwan da ke hana ruwa gudu don rage juriyar kwararar ruwa, ta haka ne ake cimma burin ƙara samarwa da allura. Wasu ruwan karyewa ana ƙera su ta amfani da surfactants a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke cikinsu.
Ana yin amfani da ruwa mai kauri a cikin ruwa daga ruwa, mai, da kuma emulsifiers. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na emulsifiers sun haɗa da ionic, non-ionic, da amphoteric surfactants. Idan aka yi amfani da ruwa mai kauri a matsayin lokaci na waje da kuma mai a matsayin lokaci na ciki, za a iya shirya ruwan mai kauri a cikin ruwa (polymer emulsion). Ana iya amfani da wannan nau'in ruwan mai kauri a yanayin zafi ƙasa da 160°C kuma zai iya narkar da ruwa ta atomatik ya kuma fitar da ruwa.
Ruwan da ke fashewa da kumfa sune waɗanda ruwa ke da shi a matsayin matsakaiciyar watsawa da iskar gas a matsayin matakin watsawa. Manyan abubuwan da ke cikinsu sune ruwa, iskar gas, da kuma sinadaran kumfa. Ana iya amfani da alkyl sulfonates, alkyl benzene sulfonates, alkyl sulfate esters, quaternary ammonium salts, da kuma OP-type surfactants a matsayin masu kumfa. Yawan sinadaran kumfa a cikin ruwa gabaɗaya shine 0.5–2%, kuma rabon yawan iskar gas zuwa girman kumfa yana tsakanin 0.5 zuwa 0.9.
Ana yin amfani da mai wajen samar da ruwa mai kauri ko kuma mai a matsayin mai narkewa. Man da aka fi amfani da su a fannin su ne ɗanyen mai ko kuma manyan sassansa. Don inganta aikin zafin jiki na danko, ana buƙatar ƙara man fetur mai narkewa (mai nauyin kwayoyin halitta na 300-750). Ruwan da ke ɗauke da mai kuma ya haɗa da ruwan da ke ɗauke da ruwa da kuma ruwan da ke ɗauke da kumfa mai. Na farko yana amfani da ruwan da ke ɗauke da anionic mai narkewa, cationic surfactants, da kuma ruwan da ba na ionic ba a matsayin emulsifiers, yayin da na biyun yana amfani da ruwan da ke ɗauke da polymeric mai ɗauke da fluorine a matsayin masu daidaita kumfa.
Ruwan da ke ƙara karyewa don samuwar da ke da saurin kamuwa da ruwa su ne emulsions ko kumfa da aka ƙera ta amfani da cakuda barasa (kamar ethylene glycol) da mai (kamar kerosene) a matsayin matsakaiciyar watsawa, ruwa carbon dioxide a matsayin matakin warwatsewa, da kuma polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers da aka ƙera su da sulfate a matsayin emulsifiers ko kuma wakilan kumfa, waɗanda ake amfani da su wajen karya tsarin da ke da saurin kamuwa da ruwa.
Ruwan da ke karya garkuwar jiki don ƙara yawan acid yana aiki a matsayin ruwan da ke karya garkuwar jiki da ruwan da ke ƙara acid, wanda ake amfani da shi a cikin tsarin carbonate inda ake yin dukkan matakan a lokaci guda. Waɗanda ke da alaƙa da surfactants sun haɗa da kumfa mai acid da kuma emulsions mai acid; na farko yana amfani da alkyl sulfonates ko alkyl benzene sulfonates a matsayin sinadaran kumfa, yayin da na biyun yana amfani da surfactants masu nau'in sulfonate a matsayin emulsifiers.
Kamar ruwa mai hana acid, ruwa mai fashewa yana amfani da surfactants azaman abubuwan cire sinadarai, ƙarin abubuwan tsaftacewa, da kuma masu gyara danshi, wanda ba za a yi bayani dalla-dalla a nan ba.
2. Surfactants don sarrafa bayanin martaba da matakan toshe ruwa
Domin inganta tasirin ambaliyar ruwa da kuma hana karuwar yawan ruwan da aka yanke daga danyen mai, ya zama dole a daidaita yanayin shan ruwa a cikin rijiyoyin allura da kuma daukar matakan toshe ruwa a cikin rijiyoyin samarwa don kara yawan samarwa. Wasu daga cikin wadannan hanyoyin sarrafa bayanan martaba da toshe ruwa galibi suna amfani da wasu surfactants. Ana shirya wakilin sarrafa bayanin martaba na HPC/SDS ta hanyar hada hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) da sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) a cikin ruwan sabo. Sodium alkyl sulfonate da alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride bi da bi suna narke a cikin ruwa don shirya ruwa guda biyu masu aiki, wadanda ake allurar su cikin samuwar a jere. Ruwan aiki guda biyu suna haduwa a cikin samuwar, suna samar da alkyl sulfite na alkyl trimethyl amine, wanda ke toshe layukan da ke da karfin shiga. Ana iya amfani da Polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, alkyl aryl sulfonate, da sauransu, a matsayin sinadaran kumfa. Ana narkar da su a cikin ruwa don shirya ruwa mai aiki, wanda sannan ake allurar su a cikin samuwar da ruwa mai aiki na carbon dioxide. Wannan yana samar da kumfa a cikin samuwar (galibi a cikin yadudduka masu yawan shiga), yana haifar da toshewa da kuma cimma tasirin sarrafa bayanin martaba. Ana narkar da wani sinadarin gishiri na ammonium na quaternary a matsayin sinadarin kumfa a cikin sinadarin silicic acid da aka shirya daga ammonium sulfate da gilashin ruwa sannan a allura shi cikin samuwar, sannan a allurar iskar gas mara narkewa (iskar gas ko iskar chlorine). Wannan na farko yana samar da kumfa mai ruwa a matsayin hanyar watsawa a cikin samuwar, sannan kuma a sanya gels na silicic acid sol, wanda ke haifar da kumfa mai ƙarfi a matsayin hanyar watsawa, wanda ke toshe layukan da ke shiga sosai kuma yana cimma ikon sarrafa bayanin martaba. Ta amfani da surfactants na sulfonate a matsayin masu kumfa da kuma manyan mahaɗan kwayoyin halitta a matsayin masu kauri da daidaita kumfa, sannan a saka iskar gas ko abubuwan da ke samar da iskar gas, ana samar da kumfa mai tushen ruwa a saman ko a cikin samuwar. A cikin matattarar mai, babban adadin surfactant yana motsawa zuwa mahaɗar mai da ruwa, yana haifar da lalata kumfa, don haka baya toshe matattarar mai kuma wakili ne na toshe ruwa na rijiyar mai. Maganin toshe ruwa na siminti mai tushen mai shine dakatar da siminti a cikin mai. Fuskar siminti tana da ruwa sosai. Lokacin da ta shiga layin samar da ruwa, ruwa yana fitar da mai a saman simintin kuma yana yin aiki da simintin, wanda ke sa simintin ya taurare kuma ya toshe layin samar da ruwa. Don inganta ruwan wannan wakilin toshewa, yawanci ana ƙara surfactants na nau'in carboxylate da sulfonate. Maganin toshe ruwa na micellar mai tushen ruwa shine maganin micellar wanda ya ƙunshi ammonium petroleum sulfonate, hydrocarbons, alcohols, da sauransu. Idan ya haɗu da ruwan gishiri mai yawa a cikin samuwar, zai iya zama mai ƙarfi don cimma tasirin toshe ruwa. Maganin toshe ruwa na cationic surfactant mai tushen ruwa ko mai, waɗanda galibi sun ƙunshi alkyl carboxylate da alkyl ammonium chloride surfactants, sun dace ne kawai don samuwar duwatsun yashi. Maganin toshe ruwa mai nauyi mai aiki shine mai nauyi wanda aka narkar da shi tare da emulsifiers na ruwa a cikin mai. Idan ya ci karo da ruwa a cikin samuwarsa, yana samar da sinadarin emulsion mai ƙarfi don cimma manufar toshewar ruwa. Ana shirya sinadarin emulsion mai ƙarfi a cikin ruwa ta hanyar fitar da mai mai nauyi a cikin ruwa ta amfani da abubuwan da ke haifar da cationic a matsayin masu canza mai a cikin ruwa.
Lokacin Saƙo: Janairu-08-2026