1. Manufar flotation
Flotation, wanda kuma aka sani da flotation beneficiation, fasaha ce ta sarrafa ma'adinai wadda ke raba ma'adanai masu amfani daga gangue a yanayin haɗin gas-liquid-solid ta hanyar amfani da bambance-bambancen halayen saman ma'adanai daban-daban a cikin ma'adanai, kuma ana kiransa "rabuwar hanyar sadarwa". Duk hanyoyin fasaha waɗanda ke amfani da hanyoyin haɗin kai tsaye ko a kaikaice don cimma rabuwar barbashi bisa ga bambance-bambancen halayen haɗin kai na barbashi daban-daban ana kiransu flotation.
Sifofin saman ma'adinai suna nufin siffofi na zahiri, sinadarai da sauran halaye na saman barbashi na ma'adanai, kamar danshi a saman, halayen lantarki na saman, nau'ikan, jikewa, da aikin haɗin sinadarai na atom na saman, da sauransu. Barbashi daban-daban na ma'adanai suna da wasu bambance-bambance a cikin halayen saman. Ta hanyar amfani da waɗannan bambance-bambancen a cikin halayen saman barbashi, ana iya cimma rabuwa da wadatar ma'adanai tare da taimakon hanyoyin haɗin mataki. Saboda haka, tsarin flotation ya ƙunshi hanyoyin haɗin gas-ruwa-mai ƙarfi na matakai uku.
Ana iya canza halayen saman ma'adinai ta hanyar shiga tsakani na wucin gadi, da nufin ƙara bambancin saman tsakanin ma'adanai masu amfani da barbashi na gangue don sauƙaƙe rabuwarsu. A cikin shawagi, galibi ana amfani da masu shawagi na shawagi don canza halayen saman ma'adinai ta hanyar wucin gadi, faɗaɗa bambance-bambancen halayen saman tsakanin ma'adanai, ƙara ko rage yawan hydrophobic na saman ma'adinai, don daidaitawa da sarrafa halayen shawagi na ma'adanai da kuma samun sakamako mafi kyau na rabuwa. Saboda haka, aikace-aikacen da haɓaka fasahar shawagi suna da alaƙa da masu shawagi na shawagi.
Tunda halayen saman barbashi na ma'adanai sun bambanta da sigogin zahiri na ma'adanai kamar yawa da kuma sauƙin amsawa ga maganadisu, waɗanda ke da wahalar canzawa, halayen saman barbashi na ma'adanai za a iya shiga tsakani ta hanyar wucin gadi don samun bambance-bambancen da ake buƙata a cikin halayen saman tsakanin ma'adanai don rabuwa. Saboda haka, ana amfani da flotation sosai a cikin rabuwar ma'adanai kuma an san shi da hanyar sarrafa ma'adanai ta duniya. Musamman ita ce hanyar sarrafa ma'adanai mafi amfani da inganci wajen raba kayan da suka fi kyau da marasa kyau.
2. Aikace-aikacen Flotation
Sarrafa ma'adinai aiki ne na samarwa wanda ke shirya kayan aiki don narkar da ƙarfe da masana'antar sinadarai, kuma flotation na kumfa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mahimman hanyoyin sarrafa ma'adanai. Kusan dukkan albarkatun ma'adinai za a iya raba su ta hanyar flotation.
A halin yanzu, ana amfani da flotation sosai a cikin ma'adanai na ƙarfe musamman don amfanar ƙarfe da manganese, kamar hematite, smithsonite, ilmenite da sauran ma'adanai; ma'adanai masu daraja musamman don amfanar zinariya da azurfa; ma'adanai marasa ƙarfe kamar jan ƙarfe, gubar, zinc, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, antimony, gami da ma'adanai na sulfide kamar galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, molybdenite, pentlandite, da ma'adanai na oxide kamar malachite, cerussite, hemimorphite, cassiterite, wolframite; rabuwa da ma'adanai marasa ƙarfe kamar fluorite, apatite, barite, da ma'adanai masu narkewa kamar gishirin potash da gishirin dutse; da kuma rabuwa da ma'adanai marasa ƙarfe da ma'adanai na silicate kamar kwal, graphite, sulfur, lu'u-lu'u, quartz, mica, feldspar, beryl, spodumene.
Flotation ya tara ƙwarewa mai yawa a fannin sarrafa ma'adanai, tare da ci gaba da ci gaba da fasaha. Ga ma'adanai masu ƙarancin inganci da rikitarwa waɗanda a da ake ganin ba su da ƙimar amfani da masana'antu, yanzu ana sake amfani da su (albarkatun sakandare) ta hanyar flotation.
Yayin da albarkatun ma'adinai ke ƙara zama marasa ƙarfi, ana rarraba ma'adanai masu amfani da kyau kuma a haɗa su a cikin ma'adanai, wanda hakan ke sa rabuwa ta fi wahala; Domin rage farashin samarwa, masana'antu kamar kayan ƙarfe da sinadarai suna da buƙatu mafi girma kan ƙa'idodin inganci da daidaiton kayan da aka sarrafa, watau, samfuran da aka raba.
A gefe guda, ya zama dole a inganta inganci; a gefe guda kuma, game da matsalar da ma'adanai ke da wahalar rabawa saboda ƙarancin girman ƙwayoyin cuta, flotation ya ƙara nuna fa'idodi fiye da sauran hanyoyi, wanda ya zama hanyar sarrafa ma'adinai mafi amfani da ita kuma mai ban sha'awa a yanzu. Hanyoyin flotation sun bunƙasa a hankali tun daga farko ana amfani da su don ma'adanai na sulfide zuwa ma'adanai na oxide da ma'adanai marasa ƙarfe. Yanzu, jimlar adadin ma'adanai da flotation ke sarrafawa a duk duniya ya kai biliyoyin tan kowace shekara.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, amfani da fasahar flotation ba ta takaita ga fannin injiniyan sarrafa ma'adinai kawai ba, amma ta fadada zuwa ga kare muhalli, aikin ƙarfe, yin takarda, noma, masana'antar sinadarai, abinci, kayan aiki, magani, ilmin halitta da sauran fannoni.
Misali, dawo da flotation na abubuwa masu amfani a cikin samfuran matsakaici, masu canzawa da kuma slags na pyrometallurgy; dawo da flotation na hydrometallurgical leaching residents da kayayyakin hazo da aka kora; flotation a masana'antar sinadarai don cire takarda da aka sake yin amfani da ita da kuma dawo da zare daga ruwan sharar pulp; cire mai mai yawa daga yashi mai zurfi na ma'adinai a cikin kogi, raba ƙananan gurɓatattun abubuwa masu ƙarfi, colloids, ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma cire ƙazanta daga ƙarfe daga najasa aikace-aikace ne na yau da kullun a cikin injiniyan muhalli.
Tare da inganta hanyoyin da hanyoyin flotation, da kuma fitowar sabbin kayan aiki da kayan aiki masu inganci, flotation za a yi amfani da su sosai a cikin masana'antu da fannoni da yawa. Ya kamata a lura cewa lokacin amfani da hanyoyin flotation, reagents za su sa farashin sarrafawa ya fi girma (idan aka kwatanta da rabuwar maganadisu da rabuwar nauyi); girman barbashi da ake buƙata don beneficiation yana da tsauri; akwai abubuwa da yawa da ke shafar tsarin flotation, tare da manyan buƙatun fasaha; kuma ruwan shara da ke ɗauke da sauran reagents yana da illa ga muhalli.
3. Abubuwan da ke cikin binciken flotation
Tsarin iyo ya ƙunshi ma'adanai masu ƙarfi da hanyoyin rabuwa (ruwa, iskar gas). Babban abubuwan da binciken ya kunsa sun haɗa da ƙa'idodin asali na iyo, abubuwan da ke haifar da iyo, injinan iyo, hanyoyin iyo, da sauransu.
Ka'idar asali ta flotation ta haɗa da iyawar ma'adanai, halayen hanyoyin rabuwa, da sauransu, nazarin halayen hanyoyin haɗin lokaci, hulɗar tsakanin matakai, tsarin haɓɓaka ma'adinai na kumfa, da sauransu; binciken kan abubuwan haɗin gwiwa na flotation ya haɗa da nau'ikan, tsari, halaye, hanyoyin aiki, shirye-shirye da hanyoyin amfani da kayan haɗin gwiwa; binciken kan injinan flotation ya haɗa da tsari, ƙa'idar aiki da lokutan amfani da na'urorin flotation; binciken kan hanyoyin flotation yana nufin tsarin tsari, tasiri da sarrafa abubuwan da ke haifar da aiki, da tsarin reagent; bugu da ƙari, akwai bincike kan aikace-aikacen ma'adanai daban-daban.
Tsarin nazari kan nazarin flotation ya ƙunshi fannoni kamar su ilimin sinadarai na tsari, ilmin sunadarai na halitta, ilmin sinadarai na inorganic, ilmin sunadarai na zahiri (interface chemistry, colloid chemistry), ilimin sinadarai na ruwa, injiniyan injiniya, ganowa ta atomatik, da kuma nazarin fasaha da tattalin arziki.
Lokacin Saƙo: Fabrairu-09-2026