Shamfu wani samfuri ne da mutane ke amfani da shi a rayuwar yau da kullun don cire datti daga fatar kai da gashi da kuma kiyaye fatar kai da gashi cikin tsafta. Babban sinadaran shamfu sune surfactants (wanda ake kira surfactants), masu kauri, masu sanyaya jiki, masu kiyayewa, da sauransu. Mafi mahimmancin sinadaran shine surfactants. Ayyukan surfactants ba wai kawai sun haɗa da tsaftacewa, kumfa, sarrafa halayen rheological, da laushin fata ba, har ma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin cationic flocculation. Saboda ana iya sanya cationic polymer akan gashi, tsarin yana da alaƙa da aikin saman, kuma aikin saman yana taimakawa wajen adana wasu abubuwan amfani (kamar silicone emulsion, anti-dandruff actives). Canza tsarin surfactant ko canza matakan electrolyte koyaushe zai haifar da amsawar sarkar tasirin polymer a cikin shamfu.
1. Ayyukan tebur na SLES
SLS yana da kyakkyawan tasirin danshi, yana iya samar da kumfa mai yawa, kuma yana iya samar da kumfa mai walƙiya. Duk da haka, yana da hulɗa mai ƙarfi da sunadarai kuma yana da matukar tayar da hankali ga fata, don haka ba a cika amfani da shi azaman babban aikin saman ba. Babban sinadarin da ke aiki a yanzu na shamfu shine SLES. Tasirin shaye-shaye na SLES akan fata da gashi a bayyane yake ƙasa da na SLS mai dacewa. Kayayyakin SLES masu matakin ethoxylation mafi girma ba za su sami tasirin shaye-shaye ba. Bugu da ƙari, kumfa na SLES Yana da kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali da juriya mai ƙarfi ga ruwa mai tauri. Fata, musamman membrane na mucous, ta fi jure wa SLES fiye da SLS. Sodium laureth sulfate da ammonium laureth sulfate su ne surfactants SLES guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su a kasuwa. Binciken da Long Zhike da wasu suka gudanar ya gano cewa laureth sulfate amine yana da danko mai yawa na kumfa, kwanciyar hankali mai kyau na kumfa, matsakaicin girman kumfa, kyakkyawan sabulun wanki, da kuma gashi mai laushi bayan an wanke, amma gishirin ammonium na laureth sulfate za a raba iskar gas ta amoniya a ƙarƙashin yanayin alkaline, don haka ana amfani da sodium laureth sulfate, wanda ke buƙatar kewayon pH mai faɗi, sosai, amma kuma yana da ban haushi fiye da gishirin ammonium. Yawan raka'o'in ethoxy na SLES yawanci yana tsakanin raka'a 1 zuwa 5. Ƙara ƙungiyoyin ethoxy zai rage yawan micelle mai mahimmanci (CMC) na sulfate surfactants. Babban raguwa a CMC yana faruwa ne bayan ƙara rukunin ethoxy guda ɗaya kawai, yayin da bayan ƙara ƙungiyoyin ethoxy 2 zuwa 4, raguwar ta yi ƙasa sosai. Yayin da raka'o'in ethoxy ke ƙaruwa, daidaiton AES da fata yana inganta, kuma kusan babu wani kumburin fata da aka gani a cikin SLES wanda ke ɗauke da kusan raka'o'in ethoxy 10. Duk da haka, gabatar da ƙungiyoyin ethoxy yana ƙara narkewar surfactant, wanda ke hana gina danko, don haka ana buƙatar samun daidaito. Shamfu na kasuwanci da yawa suna amfani da SLES waɗanda ke ɗauke da matsakaicin raka'a 1 zuwa 3 na ethoxy.
A taƙaice, SLES yana da inganci wajen amfani da shamfu. Ba wai kawai yana da kumfa mai yawa ba, yana da juriya mai ƙarfi ga ruwa mai tauri, yana da sauƙin kauri, kuma yana da saurin cationic flocculation, don haka har yanzu shine babban surfactant a cikin shamfu na yanzu.
2. Abubuwan da ke samar da amino acid
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, saboda SLES ya ƙunshi dioxane, masu amfani sun koma ga tsarin surfactant masu sauƙi, kamar tsarin amino acid surfactant, tsarin alkyl glycoside surfactant, da sauransu.
An raba amino acid surfactants zuwa acyl glutamate, N-acyl sarcosinate, N-methylacyl taurate, da sauransu.
2.1 Acyl glutamate
An raba sinadarin Acyl glutamate zuwa gishirin monosodium da gishirin disodium. Maganin ruwan gishirin monosodium yana da sinadarin acid, kuma maganin ruwan gishirin disodium alkaline ne. Tsarin surfactant na acyl glutamate yana da ikon kumfa mai dacewa, danshi da wankewa, da kuma juriyar ruwa mai tauri wanda ya fi ko kama da SLES. Yana da aminci sosai, ba zai haifar da ƙaiƙayi da jin zafi a fata ba, kuma yana da ƙarancin guba. , ƙaiƙayi da ake samu a mucosa na ido sau ɗaya yana da sauƙi, kuma ƙaiƙayin fata da ya ji rauni (magani mai girman kashi 5%) yana kusa da na ruwa. Mafi wakilcin acyl glutamate shine disodium cocoyl glutamate. . Disodium cocoyl glutamate an yi shi ne daga acid na kwakwa na halitta mai aminci da glutamic acid bayan acyl chloride. Li Qiang et al. sun gano a cikin "Bincike kan Amfani da Disodium Cocoyl Glutamate a cikin Shamfu Marasa Silicone" cewa ƙara disodium cocoyl glutamate a cikin tsarin SLES na iya inganta ikon kumfa na tsarin da rage alamun SLES. Ƙaiƙayin shamfu. Idan ma'aunin narkewar ya kasance sau 10, sau 20, sau 30, da sau 50, disodium cocoyl glutamate bai shafi saurin flocculation da ƙarfin tsarin ba. Idan ma'aunin narkewar ya kasance sau 70 ko sau 100, tasirin flocculation ya fi kyau, amma kauri ya fi wahala. Dalili shine akwai ƙungiyoyin carboxyl guda biyu a cikin ƙwayar disodium cocoyl glutamate, kuma ana katse rukunin kai na hydrophilic a mahaɗin. Babban yankin yana haifar da ƙaramin ma'aunin marufi mai mahimmanci, kuma surfactant ɗin yana haɗuwa cikin sauƙi zuwa siffar ƙwallo, yana sa ya yi wuya a samar da micelles masu kama da tsutsa, wanda hakan ke sa ya yi wuya a yi kauri.
2.2 N-acyl sarcosinate
N-acyl sarcosinate yana da tasirin jika a cikin kewayon tsaka-tsaki zuwa mai rauni na acidic, yana da tasirin kumfa mai ƙarfi da daidaita shi, kuma yana da juriya sosai ga ruwa mai tauri da electrolytes. Wanda ya fi wakilta shine sodium lauroyl sarcosinate. . Sodium lauroyl sarcosinate yana da kyakkyawan tasirin tsaftacewa. Abu ne mai kama da amino acid wanda aka shirya daga tushen halitta na lauric acid da sodium sarcosinate ta hanyar amsawar matakai huɗu na phthalization, condensation, acidification da samuwar gishiri. Aikin sodium lauroyl sarcosinate dangane da aikin kumfa, girman kumfa da aikin defoaming yana kusa da na sodium laureth sulfate. Duk da haka, a cikin tsarin shamfu wanda ke ɗauke da polymer iri ɗaya na cationic, lanƙwasa flocculation na biyu suna wanzu. bambanci bayyananne. A cikin matakin kumfa da gogewa, shamfu na tsarin amino acid yana da ƙarancin zamewa fiye da tsarin sulfate; A matakin fitar da ruwa, ba wai kawai fitar da ruwa ba ta yi ƙasa da ƙasa ba, har ma da saurin fitar da ruwa na shamfu na amino acid ya yi ƙasa da na shamfu na sulfate. Wang Kuan da abokan aikinsa sun gano cewa tsarin haɗakar sodium lauroyl sarcosinate da nonionic, anionic da zwitterionic surfactants. Ta hanyar canza sigogi kamar surfactant da rabo, an gano cewa ga tsarin haɗakar binary, ƙaramin adadin alkyl glycosides na iya samun kauri mai haɗin gwiwa; yayin da a cikin tsarin haɗakar ternary, rabon yana da babban tasiri akan danko na tsarin, wanda daga ciki Haɗin sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, cocamidopropyl betaine da alkyl glycosides na iya samun ingantaccen tasirin kauri. Tsarin amino acid surfactant zai iya koyo daga wannan nau'in tsarin kauri.
2.3 N-Methylacyltaurine
Halayen jiki da sinadarai na N-methylacyl taurate sun yi kama da na sodium alkyl sulfate mai tsawon sarkar iri ɗaya. Hakanan yana da kyawawan halayen kumfa kuma pH da taurin ruwa ba ya shafar shi cikin sauƙi. Yana da kyawawan halayen kumfa a cikin kewayon acid mai rauni, har ma a cikin ruwa mai tauri, don haka yana da fa'idodi da yawa fiye da alkyl sulfates, kuma ba ya ɓata wa fata rai fiye da N-sodium lauroyl glutamate da sodium lauryl phosphate. Kusa da, ƙasa da SLES, yana da ƙarancin haushi, mai laushi ga surfactant. Wanda ya fi wakilta shine sodium methyl cocoyl taurate. Sodium methyl cocoyl taurate yana samuwa ta hanyar daskararren kitse mai asali da sodium methyl taurate. Yana da cikakken amino acid surfactant tare da kumfa mai wadata da kwanciyar hankali mai kyau na kumfa. Ba ya shafar pH da ruwa. Tasirin tauri. Sodium methyl cocoyl taurate yana da tasirin kauri mai haɗin gwiwa tare da surfactants na amphoteric, musamman nau'in amphoteric surfactants na betaine. Zheng Xiaomei da abokan aikinsa a cikin "Bincike kan Ayyukan Amfani da Surfactants Guda Huɗu na Amino Acid a cikin Shamfu" sun mayar da hankali kan sodium cocoyl glutamate, sodium cocoyl alanate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, da sodium lauroyl aspartate. An gudanar da wani bincike na kwatantawa kan aikin amfani da shamfu. An yi amfani da sodium laureth sulfate (SLES) a matsayin misali, an tattauna aikin kumfa, ikon tsaftacewa, aikin kauri da aikin flocculation. Ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje, an kammala da cewa aikin kumfa na sodium cocoyl alanine da sodium lauroyl sarcosinate ya ɗan fi na SLES kyau; ikon tsaftacewa na surfactants guda huɗu na amino acid ba shi da ɗan bambanci, kuma duk sun ɗan fi SLES kyau; kauri Aiki gabaɗaya yana ƙasa da SLES. Ta hanyar ƙara mai kauri don daidaita danko na tsarin, za a iya ƙara danko na tsarin sodium cocoyl alanine zuwa 1500 Pa·s, yayin da danko na sauran tsarin amino acid guda uku har yanzu yana ƙasa da 1000 Pa·s. Lanƙwasa na flocculation na amino acid surfactants guda huɗu sun fi na SLES laushi, wanda ke nuna cewa shamfu na amino acid yana yin ja a hankali, yayin da tsarin sulfate ke yin ja da sauri. A taƙaice, lokacin da ake yin kauri da tsarin shamfu na amino acid, za ku iya la'akari da ƙara surfactants marasa ionic don ƙara yawan micelle don manufar kauri. Hakanan zaka iya ƙara masu kauri na polymer kamar PEG-120 methylglucose dioleate. Bugu da ƙari, , haɗa masu sanyaya cationic masu dacewa don inganta haɗuwa har yanzu yana da wahala a cikin wannan nau'in tsari.
3. Masu samar da sinadarin glycoside na nonionic
Baya ga amino acid surfactants, nonionic alkyl glycoside surfactants (APGs) sun jawo hankalin jama'a a cikin 'yan shekarun nan saboda ƙarancin ƙaiƙayi, kyawun muhalli, da kuma dacewa da fata. Idan aka haɗa su da surfactants kamar fatty alcohol polyether sulfates (SLES), non-ionic APGs suna rage tururin electrostatic na ƙungiyoyin anionic na SLES, ta haka suna samar da manyan micelles masu tsari irin na sanda. Irin waɗannan micelles ba su da yuwuwar shiga cikin fata. Wannan yana rage hulɗa da sunadaran fata da kuma kumburin da ke haifar da shi. Fu Yanling et al. sun gano cewa an yi amfani da SLES azaman anionic surfactant, an yi amfani da cocamidopropyl betaine da sodium lauroamphoacetate azaman zwitterionic surfactants, kuma an yi amfani da decyl glucoside da cocoyl glucoside azaman nonionic surfactants. Masu aiki, bayan gwaji, anionic surfactants suna da mafi kyawun kaddarorin kumfa, sai zwitterionic surfactants, kuma APGs suna da mafi munin kaddarorin kumfa; Shamfu masu dauke da anionic surfactants a matsayin manyan sinadaran da ke aiki a saman suna da flocculation bayyananne, yayin da zwitterionic surfactants da APGs suna da mafi munin kaddarorin kumfa. Babu wani flocculation da ya faru; dangane da kurkura da kuma jika gashin gashi, tsari daga mafi kyau zuwa mafi muni shine: APGs > anions > zwitterionics, yayin da a cikin busasshen gashi, halayen tsefe na shamfu tare da anions da zwitterions a matsayin manyan surfactants daidai yake. , shamfu mai dauke da APGs a matsayin babban surfactant yana da mafi munin halayen tsefe; gwajin membrane na chorioallantoic na kaza ya nuna cewa shamfu mai dauke da APGs a matsayin babban surfactant shine mafi laushi, yayin da shamfu mai dauke da anions da zwitterions a matsayin babban surfactants shine mafi laushi. APGs suna da ƙarancin CMC kuma suna da tasiri sosai ga sabulun wanka na fata da sebum lipids. Saboda haka, APGs suna aiki a matsayin babban surfactant kuma suna sa gashi ya ji kamar an cire shi kuma ya bushe. Duk da cewa suna da laushi ga fata, suna iya cire lipids kuma suna ƙara bushewar fata. Saboda haka, lokacin amfani da APGs a matsayin babban surfactant, kuna buƙatar la'akari da girman yadda suke cire lipids na fata. Ana iya ƙara man shafawa masu dacewa a cikin dabarar don hana dandruff. Don bushewa, marubucin ya kuma yi la'akari da cewa ana iya amfani da shi azaman shamfu mai sarrafa mai, don kawai a yi amfani da shi.
A taƙaice, babban tsarin aikin saman da ake amfani da shi a yanzu a cikin tsarin shamfu har yanzu yana ƙarƙashin ayyukan saman anionic, wanda aka raba shi zuwa manyan tsarin guda biyu. Na farko, an haɗa SLES tare da zwitterionic surfactants ko non-ionic surfactants don rage ƙaiƙayinsa. Wannan tsarin dabara yana da kumfa mai yawa, yana da sauƙin kauri, kuma yana da saurin flocculation na cationic da silicone oil conditioners da ƙarancin farashi, don haka har yanzu shine babban tsarin surfactant a kasuwa. Na biyu, ana haɗa gishirin amino acid anionic tare da zwitterionic surfactants don ƙara aikin kumfa, wanda shine wuri mai zafi a cikin haɓaka kasuwa. Wannan nau'in samfurin dabarar yana da laushi kuma yana da kumfa mai yawa. Duk da haka, saboda tsarin gishirin amino acid yana flocculated da flushing a hankali, gashin wannan nau'in samfurin ya bushe kaɗan. . Non-ionic APGs sun zama sabon alkibla a cikin haɓaka shamfu saboda kyakkyawan dacewa da fata. Wahalar haɓaka wannan nau'in dabarar ita ce nemo surfactants masu inganci don ƙara wadatar kumfa, da kuma ƙara danshi masu dacewa don rage tasirin APGs akan fatar kai. Yanayin bushewa.
Lokacin Saƙo: Disamba-21-2023