Amphoteric surfactants su ne surfactants waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙungiyoyin anionic hydrophilic da ƙungiyoyin cationic hydrophilic a cikin ƙwayar halitta ɗaya. Babban halayensu shine cewa suna iya bayarwa da karɓar protons. Suna da halaye masu zuwa yayin amfani: Amphoteric surfactants gabaɗaya suna da kyakkyawan aiki a cikin wankewa, warwatsewa, emulsifying, sterilizing, laushi zaruruwa, da antistatic, kuma ana iya amfani da su azaman masu taimakawa kammala masana'anta, masu taimakawa rini, masu watsa sabulun calcium, masu tace busassun surfactants, da masu hana lalata ƙarfe, da sauransu. Suna da kyakkyawan laushi, santsi, da kaddarorin antistatic ga masaku; wasu kaddarorin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da hana mold; da kyawawan kaddarorin emulsifying da warwatsewa. Duk da haka, wannan nau'in surfactant yana da tsada sosai, kuma ainihin kewayon aikace-aikacensa ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da na sauran nau'ikan surfactants. Yana da laushin surfactant. Ba kamar surfactants anionic ko cationic guda ɗaya ba, ƙwayoyin surfactant amphoteric suna da ƙungiyoyin acidic da na asali a ƙarshen ƙwayar. Rukunin acidic galibi ƙungiyoyin carboxyl ne, sulfonic acid, ko phosphate, yayin da rukunun asali ƙungiyoyin amino ko quaternary ammonium ne. Ana iya haɗa su da anionic da nonionic surfactants kuma suna jure wa acid, alkalis, gishiri, da gishirin ƙarfe na alkaline.
A halin yanzu, amphoteric surfactants da ake amfani da su akai-akai galibi suna da ƙungiyoyin carboxylate a matsayin ƙungiyoyin anionic, tare da wasu kaɗan suna da ƙungiyoyin sulfonate; ƙungiyoyin cationic ɗinsu galibi gishirin amine ne ko gishirin ammonium na quaternary. Waɗanda ke da gishirin amine a matsayin ɓangaren cationic ana kiransu nau'in amino acid; waɗanda ke da gishirin ammonium na quaternary a matsayin ɓangaren cationic ana kiransu nau'in betaine.
- Nau'in amino acid
Maganin ruwa na amphoteric surfactants irin amino acid shine alkaline. Idan aka ƙara hydrochloric acid a hankali tare da juyawa, babu wani canji lokacin da maganin ya zama tsaka tsaki. Ruwan sama yana fitowa lokacin da maganin ya zama ɗan acidic. Idan aka ƙara ƙarin hydrochloric acid don yin maganin mai ƙarfi da acidic, ruwan sama zai sake narkewa. Wannan yana nuna cewa yana aiki azaman anionic surfactant a cikin yanayin alkaline da kuma azaman cationic surfactant a cikin yanayin acidic. Duk da haka, lokacin da halayen cationic da anionic suka daidaita daidai a wurin isoelectric, hydrophilicity yana raguwa, wanda ke haifar da samuwar ruwa. Anion a cikin kwayar halittar ƙungiyar carboxyl ce, kuma cation shine gishirin ammonium. Wannan nau'in surfactant yana nuna ayyukan saman daban-daban tare da canje-canje a cikin pH na matsakaici. Misali, ana iya canza dodecylaminopropionic acid (C12H25N+H2CH2CH2COO-) zuwa sodium dodecylaminopropionate (C12H25NHCH2CH2COO-Na+) a cikin wani sinadarin sodium hydroxide, yana aiki a matsayin anionic surfactant mai narkewa a ruwa. A cikin wani sinadarin hydrochloric acid, ana iya canza shi zuwa gishirin hydrochloride na dodecylaminopropionic acid [(C12H25N+H2CH2CH2COOH)Cl-], yana aiki a matsayin cationic surfactant mai narkewa a ruwa. Idan an daidaita pH na matsakaiciyar ta yadda cajin da ke da kyau da mara kyau suka daidaita daidai, ana canza shi zuwa gishirin ciki (C12H25N+H2CH2CH2COO-), wanda ba shi da narkewa sosai a cikin ruwa kuma yana fitar da ruwa. pH a wannan lokacin ana kiransa da wurin isoelectric. Don yin cikakken tasirin amino acid-amphoteric surfactants, dole ne a yi amfani da su a cikin ruwan da pH ya karkace daga wurin isoelectric. Kayan da aka saba amfani da su wajen shirya amphoteric surfactants irin na amino acid sun haɗa da manyan aliphatic primary amines, methyl acrylate (duba acrylate esters), acrylonitrile, da chloroacetic acid.
- Bnau'in etaine
Amphoteric surfactants na nau'in Betaine suna da babban siffa ta narkewa a cikin ruwan da ke narkewa ko da kuwa acidic ne, tsaka tsaki ko alkaline. Ba sa zubewa ko da a wurin isoelectric. Bugu da ƙari, suna da kyawawan halaye kamar su permeability, sabulun wanki da kuma aikin hana static. Saboda haka, suna da kyau emulsifiers da taushi.
Carboxybetaine
Anion da ke cikin kwayar halittar ƙungiyar carboxyl ce, kuma cation ƙungiyar ammonium ce ta quaternary. Misali, alkyl dimethyl betaine [RN+(CH3)2CH2COO-], inda ƙungiyar alkyl R ke da ƙwayoyin carbon 12 zuwa 18. Idan aka kwatanta da nau'ikan amino acid, nau'ikan betaine na iya narkewa a cikin ruwa a cikin kafofin acidic, tsaka tsaki, ko alkaline, kuma ba sa zubewa ko da a wurin isoelectric, don haka ana iya amfani da su a cikin hanyoyin ruwa tare da kowane pH. A cikin kafofin acidic, lokacin da pH na wurin isoelectric ya yi ƙasa, yana aiki azaman cationic surfactant mai narkewa cikin ruwa [[RN+(CH3)2CH2COOH]Cl-]; a cikin kafofin alkaline ko alkaline, watau, lokacin da pH ya yi daidai da ko sama da wurin isoelectric, yana aiki azaman amphoteric surfactant mai narkewa cikin ruwa kuma baya yin aiki azaman anionic surfactant. Amphoteric surfactants galibi suna samar da hazo tare da anionic surfactants kawai a cikin kafofin acidic. Ana iya amfani da su tare da kowace irin surfactant a cikin kafofin watsa labarai masu ƙimar pH daban-daban. Kayan da aka saba amfani da su don shirya amphoteric surfactants na nau'in betaine sun haɗa da alkyl dimethyl tertiary amines da sodium chloroacetate, da sauransu.
Sulfotobetaine
Rukunin anionic a cikin kwayar halittar shine rukunin sulfo (SO3-), kuma rukunin cationic shine rukunin ammonium na quaternary. Wadanda aka fi amfani da su sune alkyl dimethyl sulfonethyl betaines [RN+(CH3)2CH2CH2SO3-] da alkyl dimethyl sulfopropyl betaines [RN+(CH3)2CH2CH2CH2SO3-]. Adadin atom na carbon a cikin rukunin alkyl R a cikin dabarar ya kama daga 12 zuwa 18. Sulfobeteines suna da cikakkun halaye; ba wai kawai suna da dukkan fa'idodin betaines na yau da kullun ba, har ma suna da fa'idodi na musamman kamar juriya ga yawan acid, alkalis, da gishiri. A halin yanzu, ana amfani da hydroxy sulfopropyl [RN+(CH3)2CH2CH(OH)CH2SO3-] don maye gurbin sulfopropyl betaines, waɗanda ke samar da abubuwa masu cutarwa ga jikin ɗan adam yayin samarwa. Saboda kasancewar ƙungiyoyin anionic da cationic tare da ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl a cikin tsarinsu, ba wai kawai suna da duk fa'idodin amphoteric surfactants ba, har ma suna nuna juriya ga yawan acid, alkalis, da gishiri, kyakkyawan emulsifying, warwatsewa, da antistatic properties, da kuma bactericidal, antifungal, da viscoelastic properties. Su surfactants ne masu kyakkyawan aiki gabaɗaya kuma an yi amfani da su sosai a fannoni daban-daban kamar sinadarai na yau da kullun, canjin mai a filin mai, fracturing, da acidization.
Betaine na Phospholipid
Rukunin anionic a cikin kwayar halittar shine rukunin phosphate (HPO4-), kuma rukunin cationic shine rukunin ammonium na quaternary. Misali, alkyl dimethyl hydroxypropyl phosphate betaine [RN+(CH3)2CH2CH(OH)CH2HPO4-], inda rukunin alkyl R ke da ƙwayoyin carbon 12 zuwa 18. Wannan tsari yana tabbatar da cewa ba wai kawai yana da kyawawan halaye na amphoteric surfactants kamar su danshi, sabulun wanki, narkewa, emulsifying da dispersing properties, antistatic property, thermal strength, da kuma kyakkyawan jituwa, ƙarancin haushi, da fa'idodi akan surfactants na anionic gabaɗaya kamar ingantaccen juriyar alkali, juriyar electrolyte, da kuma antistatic property, amma kuma yana da ƙarfi wajen wargaza sabulun calcium, ƙarancin tashin hankali a saman, da kuma kyakkyawan aikin kumfa.
Lokacin Saƙo: Fabrairu-04-2026