Tsarin na'urorin rage yawan man fetur ya samo asali ne daga ƙa'idar canja wurin lokaci-lokaci-juya-juya. Bayan ƙara na'urar rage yawan man fetur, canjin lokaci yana faruwa: masu samar da surfactants waɗanda ke da ikon samar da nau'in emulsion wanda ya saba da wanda emulsifier ya samar (wanda aka sani da masu rage yawan man fetur na baya-baya) suna samuwa. Irin waɗannan na'urorin rage yawan man fetur suna amsawa da masu rage yawan man fetur na hydrophobic don samar da hadaddun abubuwa, ta haka suna cire ƙarfin emulsifier daga emulsifier.
Wata hanyar kuma ita ce fashewar fim ɗin da ke haɗa fuska da juna wanda karo ya haifar. A ƙarƙashin yanayin dumama ko tashin hankali, mai cire fuska yana da isasshen damar yin karo da fim ɗin da ke haɗa fuska da fuska na emulsion, ko dai yana shanye shi ko kuma yana motsa shi ya maye gurbin sassan abubuwan da ke aiki a saman, don haka yana wargaza fim ɗin. Wannan yana rage kwanciyar hankali sosai, yana haifar da flocculation da coarance wanda ke haifar da rushewar fata.
Sau da yawa ana samun man fetur mai yawa a cikin samarwa da kuma tace shi. Yawancin man fetur na duniya ana samun su ne a cikin yanayi mai narkewa. Man fetur mai narkewa ya ƙunshi aƙalla ruwa biyu da ba a iya narkarwa, ɗaya daga cikinsu yana da ɗanɗano - digo-digo kusan diamita 1 μm - a cikin ɗayan.
Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ruwa yawanci ruwa ne, ɗayan kuma yawanci mai ne. Mai na iya warwatse sosai a cikin ruwa har sai emulsion ya zama nau'in mai a cikin ruwa (O/W), inda ruwa shine matakin ci gaba kuma yana mai da mai a matakin da aka warwatse. Akasin haka, idan mai ya samar da matakin ci gaba kuma ya shayar da matakin da aka warwatse, emulsion ɗin shine nau'in ruwa a cikin mai (W/O) - yawancin emulsions na ɗanyen mai suna cikin wannan rukuni na ƙarshe.
Kwayoyin ruwa suna jan hankalin juna, kamar yadda kwayoyin mai suke jawo hankali; duk da haka tsakanin kwayoyin ruwa da mai daban-daban akwai wani ƙarfi mai ƙarfi da ke aiki a mahaɗin su. Tashin hankali a saman yana rage yankin da ke tsakanin fuskoki, don haka digo a cikin sinadarin W/O yana jan hankalin zuwa ga siffar sphericity. Bugu da ƙari, digo-digo ɗaya yana fifita haɗuwa, wanda jimlar yankin saman sa ya fi ƙasa da jimlar yankunan da ke cikin ɗigo-digo daban-daban. Don haka, sinadarin ruwa mai tsarki da mai tsarki ba shi da tabbas a zahiri: yanayin da aka watsar yana jan hankali zuwa ga haɗuwa, yana samar da layuka biyu da aka raba da zarar an magance ƙin haɗuwa a fuska - misali, ta hanyar tarin sinadarai na musamman a mahaɗin, wanda ke rage tashin hankali a saman. A fannin fasaha, aikace-aikace da yawa suna amfani da wannan tasirin ta hanyar ƙara sanannun emulsifiers don samar da emulsions masu karko. Duk wani abu da ke daidaita emulsion ta wannan hanyar dole ne ya sami tsarin sinadarai wanda ke ba da damar hulɗa a lokaci guda tare da kwayoyin ruwa da mai - wato, ya kamata ya ƙunshi rukunin hydrophilic da ƙungiyar hydrophobic.
Man fetur mai ɗanyen mai yana da kwanciyar hankali ga abubuwa na halitta a cikin mai, galibi yana ɗauke da ƙungiyoyin polar kamar carboxyl ko phenolic groups. Waɗannan na iya wanzuwa azaman mafita ko warwatsewar colloidal, suna yin tasiri na musamman lokacin da aka haɗa su da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa. A irin waɗannan yanayi, yawancin barbashi suna watsuwa a cikin matakin mai kuma suna taruwa a mahaɗin mai da ruwa, suna daidaita gefe da gefe tare da ƙungiyoyin polar ɗinsu da ke fuskantar ruwa. Don haka wani Layer mai ƙarfi na fuska yana samuwa, kamar wani abu mai ƙarfi da ke kama da Layer barbashi ko layin paraffin crystal. Ga ido tsirara, wannan yana bayyana azaman shafi da ke lulluɓe layin haɗin gwiwa. Wannan tsari yana bayyana tsufan man fetur da wahalar karya su.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, bincike kan hanyoyin rage fitar da danyen mai ta hanyar amfani da man fetur ya fi mayar da hankali kan bincike mai zurfi kan hanyoyin hadawar droplet da kuma tasirin masu rage fitar da mai kan halayen rheological na fuska. Duk da haka saboda aikin masu rage fitar da mai kan sinadarin yana da matukar rikitarwa, kuma duk da bincike mai zurfi a wannan fanni, babu wata ka'ida ta hadin gwiwa ta hanyar rage fitar da mai.
An san hanyoyi da dama a halin yanzu:
③ Tsarin narkewar abinci – Kwayar halitta guda ɗaya ko wasu ƙwayoyin halitta na demulsifier na iya samar da micelles; waɗannan ƙwayoyin macromolecular ko micelles suna narkewar ƙwayoyin emulsifier, wanda ke haifar da rushewar ɗanyen mai da aka fitar.
④ Tsarin naɗewa-naɗewa - Abubuwan da aka lura a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta sun nuna cewa emulsions na W/O suna da harsashin ruwa biyu ko fiye, tare da harsashin mai a tsakaninsu. A ƙarƙashin tasirin dumama, juyawa, da aikin cirewa, layukan ɗigon ruwa na ciki suna haɗuwa, wanda ke haifar da haɗuwar ɗigon ruwa da kuma rushewa.
Bugu da ƙari, binciken cikin gida kan hanyoyin rage fitar da mai ga tsarin mai na O/W ya nuna cewa ingantaccen mai rage fitar da mai dole ne ya cika waɗannan sharuɗɗan: ƙarfin aikin saman; kyakkyawan aikin jika; isasshen ƙarfin flocculating; da ingantaccen ƙarfin haɗakar mai.
Ana samun nau'ikan demulsifiers iri-iri; an rarraba su ta nau'ikan surfactant, sun haɗa da nau'ikan cationic, anionic, nonionic, da zwitterionic.
Abubuwan da ke hana sinadarin anionic distillifiers: carboxylates, sulfonates, polyoxyethylene fatty acid sulfate esters, da sauransu.—rashin amfani sun haɗa da yawan shan ƙwayoyi, rashin inganci, da kuma sauƙin kamuwa da raguwar aiki idan aka samu electrolytes.
Masu rage yawan sinadarin cationic: galibi gishirin ammonium na quaternary—yana da tasiri ga mai mai sauƙi amma bai dace da mai mai nauyi ko tsufa ba.
Masu lalata ƙwayoyin halitta marasa ionic: masu lalata ƙwayoyin halitta marasa ionic waɗanda amines suka fara; masu lalata ƙwayoyin halitta marasa ionic waɗanda alcohols suka fara; masu lalata ƙwayoyin halitta marasa ionic waɗanda alkylphenol-formaldehyde suka fara; masu lalata ƙwayoyin halitta marasa ionic waɗanda alkylphenol-formaldehyde suka fara; masu lalata ƙwayoyin halitta marasa ionic waɗanda alkylphenol-formaldehyde suka fara; masu lalata ƙwayoyin halitta marasa ionic waɗanda akyl-amine-formaldehyde suka fara; masu lalata ƙwayoyin halitta marasa immunic waɗanda akyl-amine-formaldehyde suka fara; masu lalata ƙwayoyin halitta marasa immunic waɗanda akyl-phosphates suka fara; masu lalata ƙwayoyin halitta marasa immunic waɗanda akyl-phosphates suka fara; da kuma masu lalata ƙwayoyin halitta marasa immunic waɗanda akyl-amide-based-man fetur suka fara.
Lokacin Saƙo: Disamba-04-2025