1 Echiche Nhazi Nhazi maka Ihe Ndị Na-ehicha Mmiri
1.1 Nhọrọ nke Sistemụ
Enwere ike kewaa usoro nhicha mmiri a na-ahụkarị n'ụdị atọ: nke na-anọpụ iche, nke na-adịghị achọ mmiri, na nke na-anaghị achọ mmiri.
A na-ejikarị ihe nhicha na-anaghị eguzogide asịd na alkalis eme ihe n'ebe ndị na-anaghị eguzogide asịd na alkalis. Usoro nhicha ahụ na-ejikarị ngwakọta nke ihe nhicha na ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime ala dị ọcha ewepụ unyi n'elu ihe ndị dị n'ime ala.
A na-ejikarị nhicha asịd eme ihe maka iwepụ nchara na iwepụ ọla ndị e ji oxide mee. Enweghị ọtụtụ ihe enyemaka dị n'okpuru ọnọdụ asịd. Nhicha asịd na-ejikarị mmeghachi omume dị n'etiti asịd na nchara ma ọ bụ oxide scale n'elu ígwè ahụ iji wepụ unyi ahụ. N'otu oge ahụ, a na-eji ihe enyemaka na surfactants eme ihe iji mee ka unyi ahụ dị ọcha ma gbasaa iji mezuo ebumnuche nhicha ahụ. A na-ejikarị asịd ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe gụnyere nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, acetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, boric acid, wdg. A na-ejikarị nhicha alkaline eme ihe n'ịsacha ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ebe ọ bụ na alkali n'onwe ya nwere ike saponify mmanụ akwụkwọ nri iji mepụta ihe ndị e ji saponified hydrophilic mee, ọ dabara nke ọma maka ihicha ntụpọ mmanụ. Alkalis ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe gụnyere NaOH, KOH, sodium carbonate, mmiri ammonia, alkanolamines, wdg.
1.2 Nhọrọ nke Ndị Enyemaka
N'ọrụ nhicha ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, anyị na-akpọ ihe mgbakwunye ndị na-enyere aka maka nhicha dị ka ihe enyemaka nhicha, nke gụnyere ihe na-ekesa chelating, ihe mgbochi corrosion, ihe na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị ọcha, ihe na-egbu nje fungicides, ihe nkwadebe enzyme, ihe na-eme ka pH kwụsie ike, wdg. A na-ekewa ihe enyemaka ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ime ụdị ndị a:
Ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe ghara ịdị ọcha: phosphates (sodium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium metaphosphate, sodium phosphate, wdg), organic phosphates (ATMP, HEDP, EDTMP, wdg), alkanolamines (triethanolamine, diethanolamine, monoethanolamine, isopropanolamine, wdg), amino carboxylates (NTA, EDTA, wdg), hydroxyl carboxylates (citrates, tartrates, gluconates, wdg), polyacrylic acid na ihe ndị sitere na ya (maleic-acrylic copolymer), wdg.;
Ndị na-egbochi nrụrụ: ụdị ihe nkiri oxide (chromates, nitrites, molybdates, tungstates, borates, wdg), ụdị ihe nkiri mmiri ozuzo (phosphates, carbonates, hydroxides, wdg), ụdị ihe nkiri adsorption (silicates, organic amines, organic carboxylic acid, petroleum sulfonates, thiourea, urotropine, imidazoles, thiazoles, benzotriazoles, wdg);
Ihe na-eme ka akpụkpọ ahụ ghara ịdị ọcha: organosilicon, polyether emezigharịrị organosilicon, ihe na-eme ka akpụkpọ ahụ ghara ịdị ọcha na silicon, wdg.
1.3 Nhọrọ nke Surfactants
Ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime mmiri na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'ịsacha ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ha nwere ike ibelata nrụgide elu nke sistemụ ahụ, melite ikike nke ngwaahịa ahụ, ma kwe ka ihe nhicha ahụ banye ngwa ngwa n'ime unyi ahụ. Ha nwekwara mmetụta na-agbasa ma na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime mmiri dị ọcha na ntụpọ mmanụ e hichara.
A na-ekewa surfactants a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ime ụdị ndị a:
Ndị na-abụghị ionic: alkylphenol ethoxylates (usoro NP/OP/TX), fatty alcohol ethoxylates (usoro AEO), isomeric alcohol ethoxylates (usoro XL/XP/TO), secondary alcohol ethoxylates (usoro SAEO), polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene ether usoro (usoro PE/RPE), alkyl polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene, usoro polyoxyethylene ether ejiri aka kpuchie, fatty acid polyoxyethylene esters (EL), fatty amine polyoxyethylene ethers (AC), acetylenic diol ethoxylates, usoro alkyl glycosides, wdg.;
Anionic: sulfonates (alkylbenzene sulfonates LAS, α-olefin sulfonates AOS, alkyl sulfonates SAS, succinate sulfonates OT, fatty acid ester sulfonates MES, wdg), sulfate esters (K12, AES, wdg), phosphate esters (alkyl phosphates, fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether phosphates, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether phosphates, wdg), carboxylates (fatty acid salts, wdg);
Cationic: nnu ammonium nke quaternary (1631, 1231, wdg);
Aịọn Amphoteric: betaines (BS, CAB, wdg), amino acid; ammonium oxides (OB, wdg), imidazolines.
Oge ozi: Jenụwarị-16-2026