Tehopi horoi Ko te nui o ngā matū horoi he āhuatanga matua e hoatu ana ki ngā matū horoi ō rātou whakamahinga tino whai hua. E whai wāhi ana ki te oranga o ia rā o ngā mano tini o ngā whare. Heoi anō, kei te piki haere te whakamahinga i roto i ngā momo ahumahi me ngā momo whakaputanga ahumahi katoa.
Te pānga ārai-pūmau o ngā matū horoi
He maha ngā wā ka puta te hiko pateko i roto i ngā muka, ngā kirihou, me ētahi atu hua nā te waku, ka pā ki te mahi a ā rātou hua. Hei tauira, mēnā he hiko pateko kei roto i ngā papanga muka, he maha ngā ngoikoretanga pērā i te "piri ki te tinana" me te "piri pateko", me te ngāwari hoki ki te mimiti puehu, ki te paru rānei. He nui ake te pānga o te hiko pateko ki ngā hua kirihou. Ehara i te mea ka ngawari noa te kukume puehu i ngā hua, ka pā ki te mārama, te ma o te mata me te āhua, engari ka whakaitihia hoki te whakamahinga me te uara o ngā hua.
Hei whakakore i tēnei āhuatanga hiko pateko, ko te tikanga ārai-pateko te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana i ēnei rā. Ko aua momo surfactants e kiia ana koārai-patū ngā kaihoko.
- Ngā āhuatanga hikohiko me ō rātou take
Ahakoa he rerekētanga ngā hua i whiwhihia e ngā kairangahau rerekē e pā ana ki te raupapa o te whakahiko muka, ko ngā muka he hononga amide pērā i te huruhuru hipi, te nairona, me te huruhuru hipi horihori he maha ngā wā ka utua pai.
Ko te āhua o te utu hiko o ngā matū, mai i te pai ki te kino, koia ēnei: (+) Polyurethane – Makawe – Nairona – Huruhuru – Hiraka – Muka Viscose – Miro – Rapa Mārō – Muka Acetate – Vinylon – Polypropylene – Polyester – Polyacrylonitrile – Polyvinyl Chloride – Vinyl Chloride – Acrylonitrile Copolymer – Polyethylene – Polytetrafluoroethylene (-). Ahakoa kāore anō kia tino mārama te take o te whakaputanga hiko pateko, e whakaponohia whānuitia ana ina mirimiri ngā momo mea rerekē tetahi ki tetahi, ka puta he utu neke i waenga i ngā mea kua mirimirihia, ā, ka puta he hiko pateko. Ka taea te whakatau i te momo utu e mau ana i tetahi mea mā te pikinga, te ngaronga rānei o ngā irahiko. Mena ka ngaro ngā irahiko i tetahi mea, ka utu pai; ki te whiwhi i ngā irahiko, ka utu kino.
- Kaihoko ārai-pūmau
E rua ngā huarahi matua hei whakakore i te hiko pateko:
Tikanga ā-tinana: Nā te mea ka pāngia te nui o te hiko pateko e te pāmahana me te haumākū, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tikanga ā-tinana pēnei i te whakarerekē i te pāmahana me te haumākū, me te tukunga korona hei whakakore i te hiko pateko i runga i te mata o ngā mea.
Tikanga matū mataArā, te whakamahi i ngā surfactants, e mōhiotia ana ko ngā āpiha antistatic, hei mahi i te maimoatanga mata ki ngā muka me ngā hua kirihou, hei whakaranu rānei i aua mea ki roto i ngā kirihou hei whakatutuki i te kaupapa o te whakakore i te hiko static.
2.I. Ngā matū ārai-pūmau mō ngā muka
Ngā whakaritenga me tutuki e ngā kaihoko ārai-pūmau:
(1) Kaua e whakarerekē i te āhua o te ringa o te muka;
(2) He pai te pānga ārai-pūmau, he iti te horopeta, ā, he whai hua tonu i ngā pāmahana iti;
(3) He pai te hototahitanga ki ngā muka kapia;
(4) He pai te hototahitanga ki ētahi atu tāpiringa;
(5) Kāore he āhuatanga pahuka, kāore hoki he paru wai;
(6) Kāore e paitini, kāore hoki e kino ki te kiri;
(7) Ka taea te pupuri i te pumau pai.
2.2. Ngā momo ātete-pūmau
Ko ngā momo matua o ngā kaihoko ārai-pūmau e whakamahia ana mō ngā muka ko ngā surfactants ionic cationic me ngā amphoteric ionic surfactants.
2.3. Te tikanga mahi a ngā matū ārai-pūmau
Ko te tikanga ārai-pūmau o ngā matū horoi e whakamahia ana mō te muka ārai-pūmau e whakaatuhia ana i roto i ngā āhuatanga e rua: te aukati i te whakaputanga o te hiko pūmau ina mirimirihia te mata o ngā papanga muka me te memeha haere o ngā utu mata. Ko te aukati i te hiko waku e pā tata ana ki te hanganga o ngā matū horoi; ko te memeha haere o ngā utu mata e pā ana ki te nui o te mimiti me te hygroscopicity o ngā matū horoi i runga i ngā papanga muka.
Ngā matū horoi kationika ka ngāwari te mimiti ki te mata o ngā muka utu kino mā roto i ō rātou ake utu pai.
①Ka taea e ia te whakakore i te kawenga mata o te muka;
②I te mea ka piri ngā matū horoi cationic ki te mata o te muka me ngā iona ammonia quaternary kua utua pai, ā, ka anga whakaroto ngā mekameka hauwaiwaiwai waipēhi, ka hanga he kiriata mimiti kua whakahāngaihia ki ngā mekameka hauwaiwaiwai i runga i te mata o te muka. Ka taea e tēnei kiriata mimiti te whakaiti i te kaha waku e puta ana i runga i te mata o te muka i te wā waku, ā, ka ngoikore te āhuatanga hiko waku.
Mō ngā muka hangai he iti te polarity me te kaha o te hydrophobicity, ka mimiti ngā surfactants cationic ki te mata o te muka mā roto i ngā kaha van der Waals me ō rātou mekameka hydrocarbon hydrophobic, ko ngā rōpū ammonium quaternary polar e anga ana ki waho, ka kapi i te mata o te muka ki ngā rōpū polar hydrophilic. Ehara i te mea ka whakanui ake i te kawe hiko o te mata muka engari ka whakanui ake hoki i te makuku o te mata, he mea pai ki te tohatoha i te hiko pateko i puta mai i te waku, ā, he mahi ārai-pateko hoki.
He nui ake te nui o te mimiti o te dioctadecyl ammonium chloride i runga i te mata o ngā muka taiao i tērā i runga i ngā muka hangai. E tohu ana tēnei he pai ake tōna pānga ārai-pūmau ki ngā muka taiao.
Pērā i ngā matū horoi cationic, he pai ngā utu o ngā matū horoi ionic amphoteric, ā, ka taea hoki te mimiti ki te mata o ngā muka utu kino hei whakakore i ngā utu tūmau. He pānga anō hoki ā rātou rōpū hydrophobic ki te whakaiti i te waku. Heoi anō, ki te whakaritea ki ngā matū horoi cationic, he rōpū anionic tāpiri kei roto i tō rātou hanganga ngota, kia pai ake ai te whakanui ake i te makuku me te marara o ngā utu. Nō reira, he kaihoko ārai-tūturu ngā matū horoi ionic amphoteric, engari he nui te utu.
He iti te pānga ārai-pūmau o ngā matū horoi anionic me ngā matū kore-ionic nā te iti o te nui o te mimiti ki te mata o te muka. He nui ake te nui o te mimiti o ngā matū horoi kore-ionic i ērā anionic nā te mea kāore e pāngia e te utu mata o te muka, engari he iti te pānga ki te mararatanga pūmau, nō reira he kino rawa atu tō rātou kaha ārai-pūmau i ērā o ngā matū horoi ionic cationic me te amphoteric.
- Kaihoko ārai-pūmau mō ngā kirihou
Te tikanga mahi a ngā matū horoi hei ārai-pūmau mō ngā kirihou: Ka mimiti ngā matū horoi ki te mata kirihou mā roto i ngā kaha van der Waals me ō rātou mekameka hauwaiwaiwai, i te mea ka toro atu ō rātou rōpū porowhita ki waho, ka hanga he kiriata mimiti kua whakahāngaihia o ngā matū horoi ki te mata kirihou. Ka whakaratohia e tēnei kiriata te kawe hiko, ka taea ai e ngā utu pūmau te marara pai. I taua wā anō, ka taea hoki e te kiriata mimiti te whakaiti i te waku i runga i te mata kirihou.
E ai ki te momo matū horoi, ka whakarōpūtia ngā matū ārai-pūmau kirihou ki:
(1) Momo anionic;
(2) Momo kationika;
(3) Momo ionic amphoteric;
(4) Momo kore-ionic.
E rua ngā momo rongoā ārai-pūngao e ai ki te tikanga whakamahi:
(1) Ngā matū ārai-pūmau kua pania ki te mata;
(2) Ngā matū ārai-pūmau momo whakakotahi.
Wā tuku: Maehe-12-2026