Ko te āhuatanga horoi ongā matū horoiKo te āhuatanga matua tēnei e tino whai hua ai ngā matū horoi. E whai wāhi ana ki te oranga o ia rā o ngā mano tini o ngā whare, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i ngā āhuatanga katoa o te ao me ngā tukanga whakaputa ahumahi.
Pānga Ārai-Patūo ngā Surfactants
He maha ngā wā ka puta te hiko pateko i roto i ngā muka, ngā kirihou me ētahi atu hua nā te waku, ka whakararu i te mahi a tā rātou tono. Hei tauira, he maha ngā wā ka pāngia ngā papanga muka he utu pateko e ngā ngoikoretanga pērā i te piri ki te tinana, te piri pateko, me te hiahia ki te mimiti puehu me te paru. He kino rawa atu ngā pānga kino o te hiko pateko ki ngā hua kirihou. Ehara i te mea ka mimiti noa ngā hua kirihou he utu pateko i te puehu, ka kino te mārama, te ma o te mata me te āhua o ngā hua, engari ka whakaitihia hoki te mahi me te uara o tā rātou ratonga.
Hei whakakore i ēnei āhuatanga pūmau, e whakamahia whānuitia ana te tikanga ārai-pūmau o te surfactant i ēnei rā. E mōhiotia ana ēnei surfactants he āpiha ārai-pūmau.
Wāhanga 1 Ngā Āhuatanga Tūmau me ō rātou Take
Ahakoa he rerekētanga kei roto i ngā hua o te raupapatanga hiko o ngā muka i whiwhihia e ngā kaiwhakamātautau rerekē, ko ngā muka kei roto ngā hononga amide pēnei i te huruhuru hipi, te nairona me te huruhuru hipi horihori he maha tonu ngā utu pai. Kei te Ripanga 10 te tūnga hiko o ngā kirihou noa.-2. Kei raro nei te raupapa hiko o ngā matū noa mai i te pai ki te kino:
(+) Polyurethane–Makawe–Nailoni–Hūru–Hiraka–muka viscose–Miro–Rapa mārō–muka ātete cellulose–Vinirona–Polypropylene–Polyester–Polyacrylonitrile–Polyvinyl chloride–Copolymer vinyl chloride-acrylonitrile–Polyethylene–Polytetrafluoroethylene (-).
Kāore anō kia tino mārama te tikanga tuturu o te whakaputanga hiko pateko, engari e whakaaetia ana ko te hiko pateko ka puta mai i ngā utu nekeneke i waenga i ngā mea ina mirimiri ngā momo mea rerekē tetahi ki tetahi. Ko te momo utu e mau ana i te mea ka whakatauhia e te pikinga, te ngaronga rānei o ngā irahiko. Ka piki te utu o te mea ina ngaro ana ngā irahiko, ā, ka piki te utu kino ina whiwhi i ngā irahiko.
Wāhanga 2 Ngā Kaihoko Ārai-Patū
E rua ngā huarahi matua hei whakakore i te hiko pateko:
(1) Ngā tikanga ā-tinana. Nā te mea ka pāngia te nui o te hiko pateko e te pāmahana me te haumākū, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā huarahi ā-tinana pēnei i te whakarerekē i te pāmahana me te haumākū me te tukunga korona hei tango i te hiko pateko i runga i te mata o ngā taonga.
(2) Ngā tikanga matū mata, arā, te whakamahi i ngā matū horoi (e kiia ana ko ngā matū ārai-pūmau) hei whakahaere i te maimoatanga mata ki runga i ngā muka me ngā hua kirihou, hei whakaranu rānei i aua mea ki roto i ngā kirihou hei whakatutuki i te kaupapa o te whakakorenga pūmau.
1. Ngā Ārai Patu mō ngā Muka
Ngā āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana mō ngā kaihoko ārai-pūmau:
(1) Kāore e whakarerekē i te āhua o te ringa o ngā muka; (2) He pai te mahi ārai-pūmau me te iti o te horopeta me te whai hua i ngā pāmahana iti; (3) He pai te hototahi ki ngā muka kapia; (4) He tino hototahi ki ētahi atu āwhina; (5) Kāore he huka, kāore hoki he paru wai e puta; (6) Kāore he paitini, ā, kāore e whakapataritari i te kiri; (7) Kia mau tonu te pumau.
Ngā momo āpiha ārai-pūmau
Ko ngā momo matua o ngā kaihoko ārai-pūmau e whakamahia ana mō ngā muka ko ngā surfactants cationic me ngā amphoteric.
Te tikanga mahi a ngā kaihoko ārai-pūmau
Ko te tikanga ārai-pūmau o ngā matū horoi e whakamahia ana mō ngā kaupapa ārai-pūmau o te muka e whakaatahia ana i roto i ngā āhuatanga e rua: te aukati i te whakaputanga pūmau ina pāngia ngā papanga muka e te waku me te whakahaere i te tohatoha o ngā utu mata. Ko te aukati i te hiko waku e pā tata ana ki te hanganga o ngā matū horoi, ko te tohatoha o ngā utu mata e pā ana ki te kaha mimiti me te hygroscopicity o ngā matū horoi i runga i ngā papanga muka.
Ka ngāwari te mimiti o ngā matū horomanga cationic ki runga i ngā mata muka kua utua kinotia mā roto i ō rātou ake utu pai.
①Ka taea e rātou te whakakore i ngā utu mata o ngā muka;
②Ka mimiti ngā matū horoi kationika ki runga i ngā mata muka i roto i te aronga e piri ai ngā iona ammonia quaternary kua utua pai ki te mata muka, ā, ka anga whakarunga ngā mekameka hauwaiwaiwai ki waho, ka hanga he kiriata mimiti kua anga mai i ngā mekameka hauwaiwaiwai ki runga i te mata muka. Ka taea e tēnei kiriata mimiti te whakaiti i te waku i runga i te mata muka i te wā waku, me te whakaiti i te hiko waku.
Mō ngā muka hangai he iti te polarity me te kaha o te hydrophobicity, ka mimiti ngā surfactants cationic ki runga i ngā mata muka mā roto i ngā kaha van der Waals e ō rātou mekameka hydrocarbon hydrophobic, ko ngā rōpū ammonium quaternary polar e anga ana ki waho. Nō reira, kua kapi te mata muka i ngā rōpū polar hydrophilic, e kore e whakapai ake i te kawe hiko o te mata muka engari ka whakanui ake hoki i te makuku o te mata, ka āwhina i te tohatoha o te hiko pateko i puta mai i te waku me te tuku i ngā pānga antistatic.
He nui ake te kaha mimiti o te dioctadecyl ammonium chloride i runga i ngā mata muka māori i tērā i runga i ngā muka hangai, e tohu ana he pai ake tana mahi ārai-pūmau i runga i ngā muka māori.
Pērā i ngā matū horoi cationic, he pai ngā utu o ngā matū horoi amphoteric, ā, ka taea te mimiti ki ngā mata muka kua utua kinotia hei whakakore i ngā utu pūmau. Ka whakaitihia hoki e ō rātou rōpū hydrophobic te waku. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā matū horoi cationic, he rōpū anionic tāpiri kei roto i te hanganga ngota o ngā matū horoi amphoteric, e āhei ai te pupuri makuku me te tohatoha utu pai ake. Nō reira, he kaihoko antistatic mahi teitei ngā matū horoi amphoteric, ahakoa he utu nui.
He iti te mahi ārai-pūmau a ngā matū horoi anionic me ngā matū horoi kore-ionic nā te iti o te kaha mimiti i runga i ngā mata muka. Kāore te nui o te mimiti o ngā matū horoi kore-ionic e pāngia e te utu mata o ngā muka, ā, he nui ake i te matū horoi anionic, engari he ngoikore ō rātou pānga ki te mararatanga pūmau. Nō reira, he iti iho tō rātou kaha ārai-pūmau i te kaha mimiti cationic me te amphoteric.
2. Ngā Ārai Patu mō ngā Kirihou
Ko te tikanga ārai-pūmau o ngā matū horoi e whakamahia ana hei matū ārai-pūmau kirihou koia tēnei: ka mimiti ngā matū horoi ki runga i ngā mata kirihou mā roto i ō rātou mekameka hauwaiwaiwai mā roto i ngā kaha van der Waals, me ngā rōpū porowhita e toro atu ana ki waho. Ka hangaia he kiriata mimiti kua whakaritea o ngā matū horoi ki runga i te mata kirihou hei whakarato i te kawe hiko, e āhei ai ngā utu pūmau kia marara pai. I taua wā, ka taea hoki e te kiriata mimiti te whakaiti i te waku ki runga i ngā mata kirihou.
Te whakarōpūtanga o ngā kaihoko ārai-pūmau kirihou mā te momo surfactant:
(1)Momo anionic;
(2) Momo kationika;
(3) Momo Amphoteric;
(4) Momo kore-ionic.
E rua ngā momo rongoā ārai-pūngao e taea te wehewehe mā te tikanga tono:
(1) Ngā matū ārai-pūmau paninga mata;
(2) Te whakakotahi i ngā matū ārai-pūmau.
Wā tuku: Oketopa-10-2026