1 Ngā Whakaaro Hoahoa Hanganga mō ngā Ārai Horoi Wai
1.1 Te Kōwhiringa o ngā Pūnaha
Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā pūnaha horoi wai noa kia toru ngā momo: te kūpapa, te waikawa, me te kawakore.
Ko ngā kaihoroi kūpapa te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana ki ngā wāhi kāore e ātete ki ngā waikawa me ngā kawakore. Ko te nuinga o te wā, ka whakamahia te whakakotahitanga o ngā āwhina horoi me ngā matū horoi hei tango tahi i te paru mai i te mata o ngā papa.
Ko te horoi waikawa te tikanga whānui mō te tango i te waikura me te tango i te unahi waikura o ngā konganuku. Kāore i te maha ngā āwhina e wātea ana i raro i ngā āhuatanga waikawa. Ko te nuinga o te wā, ka whakamahia e te horoi waikawa te tauhohenga i waenga i te waikawa me te waikura, te unahi waikura rānei i runga i te mata o te konganuku hei tango i te paru. I taua wā anō, ka whakamahia ngā āwhina me ngā matū horoi hei whakapūmau me te hora i te paru kua horoia kia tutuki ai te kaupapa horoi. Ko ngā waikawa e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te waikawa hauota, te waikawa hauwaiora, te waikawa whanariki, te waikawa phosphoric, te waikawa citric, te waikawa oxalic, te waikawa acetic, te waikawa methanesulfonic, te waikawa dodecylbenzenesulfonic, te waikawa boric, me ētahi atu. Ko te horoi kawakore te mea tino whānuitia ana i roto i te horoi ahumahi. Nā te mea ka taea e te kawakore te whakapūmau i ngā hinu huawhenua hei hanga i ngā matū saponified hydrophilic, he tino pai mō te horoi i ngā paru hinu. Ko ngā kawakore e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te NaOH, KOH, te konutai kāponāte, te wai haukini, ngā alkanolamines, me ētahi atu.
1.2 Te Kōwhiringa o ngā Āwhina
I roto i te horoi ahumahi, ka kōrerohia ngā tāpiringa e whai hua ana mō ngā pānga horoi hei āwhina horoi, tae atu ki ngā mea whakamarara chelating, ngā aukati waikura, ngā whakakore pahuka, ngā patu harore paturopi, ngā whakaritenga whākōkī, ngā whakaū pH, me ētahi atu. Ka wehea ngā āwhina e whakamahia whānuitia ana ki ngā kāwai e whai ake nei:
Ngā kaiwhakamarara chelating: ngā phosphates (sodium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium metaphosphate, sodium phosphate, me ētahi atu), ngā phosphates organic (ATMP, HEDP, EDTMP, me ētahi atu), ngā alkanolamines (triethanolamine, diethanolamine, monoethanolamine, isopropanolamine, me ētahi atu), ngā amino carboxylates (NTA, EDTA, me ētahi atu), ngā hydroxyl carboxylates (citrates, tartrates, gluconates, me ētahi atu), te waikawa polyacrylic me ōna hua (maleic-acrylic copolymer), me ētahi atu;
Ngā aukati waikura: momo kiriata waikura (chromates, nitrites, molybdates, tungstates, borates, me ētahi atu), momo kiriata rerenga (phosphates, carbonates, hydroxides, me ētahi atu), momo kiriata adsorption (silicates, organic amines, organic carboxylic acids, petroleum sulfonates, thiourea, urotropine, imidazoles, thiazoles, benzotriazoles, me ētahi atu);
Ngā Kaiwhakakore Huka: organosilicon, organosilicon kua whakarerekētia i te polyether, ngā kaiwhakakore huka kore-silicon, me ētahi atu.
1.3 Te Kōwhiringa o ngā Kaihoroi
He tino hira te mahi a ngā matū horoi i roto i te horoi ahumahi. Ka taea e rātou te whakaiti i te kukū o te mata o te pūnaha, te whakapai ake i te urunga o te hua, ā, ka taea e te kaihoroi te uru wawe ki roto i te paru. He pānga horapa me te whakapūkara anō hoki tō rātou ki ngā paru hinu kua horoia.
Ko ngā surfactants e whakamahia whānuitia ana ka wehea ki ngā kāwai e whai ake nei:
Kore-ionic: ngā alkylphenol ethoxylates (raupapa NP/OP/TX), ngā fatty alcohol ethoxylates (raupapa AEO), ngā isomeric alcohol ethoxylates (raupapa XL/XP/TO), ngā tuarua alcohol ethoxylates (raupapa SAEO), ngā polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene ether raupapa (raupapa PE/RPE), ngā alkyl polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene, ngā polyoxyethylene ether kua taupokina, ngā fatty acid polyoxyethylene esters (EL), ngā fatty amine polyoxyethylene ethers (AC), ngā acetylenic diol ethoxylates, ngā alkyl glycosides raupapa, me ētahi atu.;
Anionic: ngā sulfonates (ngā sulfonates alkylbenzene LAS, ngā sulfonates α-olefin AOS, ngā sulfonates alkyl SAS, ngā sulfonates succinate OT, ngā sulfonates ester waikawa ngako MES, me ētahi atu), ngā esters sulfate (K12, AES, me ētahi atu), ngā esters phosphate (ngā phosphates alkyl, ngā phosphates polyoxyethylene ether waipiro ngako, ngā phosphates alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, me ētahi atu), ngā carboxylates (ngā tote waikawa ngako, me ētahi atu);
Kationika: ngā tote ammonia quaternary (1631, 1231, me ētahi atu);
Ngā katote amphoteric: ngā betaine (BS, CAB, me ētahi atu), ngā waikawa amino; ngā waikura ammonium (OB, me ētahi atu), ngā imidazoline.
Wā tuku: Hanuere-16-2026