Ko ngā matū horoi wai e pā ana ki ngā matū ka taea te whakaiti i te taumahatanga o te mata o te otinga ūnga, he maha ngā rōpū wai-whakaaro me ngā rōpū lipo-whakaaro pumau ka taea te whakarite i runga i te mata o te otinga. Ko ngā matū horoi wai e rua ngā wāhanga matua: ko ngā matū horoi wai ionic me ngā matū horoi wai kore ionic. Kei roto hoki i ngā matū horoi wai ionic e toru ngā momo: ko ngā matū horoi wai anionic, ko ngā matū horoi wai cationic, me ngā matū horoi wai zwitterionic.
Ko te wāhanga whakarunga o te mekameka ahumahi surfactant ko te whakarato i ngā rauemi mata pērā i te ethylene, ngā waipiro ngako, ngā waikawa ngako, te hinu nikau, me te ethylene oxide; ko te wāhanga waenga te kawenga mō te whakaputa me te whakaputa i ngā hua wehewehe, tae atu ki ngā polyol, ngā polyoxyethylene ether, ngā waipiro ngako ether sulfates, me ētahi atu; i raro iho, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā mara pērā i te kai, te whakapaipai, te horoi ahumahi, te tā me te tae kakahu, me ngā hua horoi.
Mai i te tirohanga o te mākete o raro, ko te umanga hopi horoi te mara matua o te tono mō ngā matū horoi, e 50% te nui o te tono o raro. Ko ngā mea whakapaipai, te horoi ahumahi, me te tā me te tae kakahu e 10% te nui. Nā te whanaketanga tonu o te ōhanga o Haina me te whānui haere o te tauine whakaputa ahumahi, kua piki tonu te hanga me te hoko o ngā matū horoi. I te tau 2022, neke atu i te 4.25 miriona tana te hanga o ngā matū horoi i Haina, he pikinga tau-ki-te-tau tata ki te 4%, ā, ko te nui o ngā hoko tata ki te 4.2 miriona tana, he pikinga tau-ki-te-tau tata ki te 2%.
He kaihanga nui a Haina i ngā matū horoi. Nā te whanaketanga tonu o te hangarau whakaputa, kua piki haere te rongonui o ā mātou hua i te mākete o te ao nā te kounga me te mahi pai, ā, he whānui hoki te mākete ki tāwāhi. I ngā tau tata nei, kua piki haere tonu te rahinga kaweake. I te tau 2022, ko te nui o ngā matū horoi i Haina e tata ana ki te 870,000 tana, he pikinga tau-ki-te-tau tata ki te 20%, ko te nuinga ka kaweake ki ngā whenua me ngā rohe pēnei i a Rūhia, Hapani, Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, me ētahi atu.
Mai i te tirohanga o te hanganga whakaputa, ko te nui o ngā matū horoi kore-ionic i Haina i te tau 2022 e tata ana ki te 2.1 miriona tana, e tata ana ki te 50% o te katoa o ngā matū horoi, ko te tuatahi. Ko te nui o ngā matū horoi anionic e tata ana ki te 1.7 miriona tana, e tata ana ki te 40%, ko te tuarua. Ko ēnei e rua ngā wāhanga matua o ngā matū horoi.
I ngā tau tata nei, kua whakaputa te whenua i ngā kaupapa here pēnei i te "Mahere Tau Rima 14 mō te Whakawhanaketanga Kounga Teitei o te Ahumahi Horoi Kai", te "Mahere Tau Rima 14 mō te Whakawhanaketanga Kounga Teitei o te Ahumahi Hopi o Haina", me te "Mahere Tau Rima 14 mō te Whakawhanaketanga Ahumahi Kakariki" hei waihanga i tētahi taiao whanaketanga pai mō te ahumahi hopi kai, hei whakatairanga i te panonitanga me te whakapai ake i te ahumahi, me te whakawhanake ki te taiao matomato, te tiaki taiao, me te kounga teitei.
I tēnei wā, he tokomaha ngā kaiuru ki te mākete, ā, he tino kaha te whakataetae o te umanga. I tēnei wā, kei te mau tonu ētahi raruraru i roto i te umanga surfactant, pērā i te hangarau whakaputa tawhito, ngā whare tiaki taiao kāore i te pai, me te kore rawa o ngā hua tāpiri uara nui. He nui tonu te wāhi whanaketanga o te umanga. I te heke mai, i raro i te arataki a ngā kaupapa here ā-motu me te whiriwhiri i te oranga me te whakakorenga o te mākete, ka nui ake te whakakotahitanga me te whakakorenga o ngā umanga i roto i te umanga surfactant, ā, e matapaetia ana ka piki ake te kukū o te umanga.
Wā tuku: Oketopa-10-2023