1. Ngā matū horoi mō ngā mehua pakaru
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā tikanga pakaru i roto i ngā mara hinu iti te uruhanga. Kei roto i ēnei ko te whakamahi i te pēhanga hei pakaru i te hanganga, te hanga i ngā kapiti, kātahi ka tautoko i ēnei kapiti ki ngā proppant hei whakaiti i te ātete rere o te wai, kia tutuki ai te whāinga o te whakanui ake i te whakaputanga me te werohanga. Ko ētahi wai pakaru ka hangaia mā te whakamahi i ngā surfactants hei wāhanga o aua mea.
Ko ngā wai pakaru hinu-i-te-wai he mea hanga mai i te wai, te hinu, me ngā emulsifier. Kei roto i ngā emulsifier e whakamahia ana ko ngā surfactants ionic, non-ionic, me te amphoteric. Mena ka whakamahia te wai matotoru hei wāhanga o waho, me te hinu hei wāhanga o roto, ka taea te whakarite i tētahi wai pakaru hinu-i-te-wai matotoru (polymer emulsion). Ka taea te whakamahi i tēnei momo wai pakaru i ngā pāmahana i raro i te 160°C, ā, ka taea te whakakore aunoa me te tuku i ngā wai.
Ko ngā wai pakaru pahuka ko ērā e whakamahia ana te wai hei reo marara, me te hau hei wāhanga marara. Ko ō rātou wāhanga matua ko te wai, te hau, me ngā kaihoko pahuka. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā alkyl sulfonates, ngā alkyl benzene sulfonates, ngā alkyl sulfate esters, ngā tote ammonium quaternary, me ngā surfactants momo-OP hei kaihoko pahuka. Ko te kukū o ngā kaihoko pahuka i roto i te wai he 0.5–2% te tikanga, ā, ko te ōwehenga o te rōrahi wāhanga hau ki te rōrahi pahuka kei waenga i te 0.5 ki te 0.9.
Ko ngā wai pakaru hinu ka hangaia mā te whakamahi i te hinu hei whakarewa, hei reo marara rānei. Ko ngā hinu e whakamahia whānuitia ana i te mara ko te hinu mata, ko ōna wāhanga taumaha rānei. Hei whakapai ake i te mahi matotoru-mahana, me tāpiri ngā sulfonate hinu wairewa-hinu (me te taumaha ngota o te 300–750). Kei roto hoki i ngā wai pakaru hinu ngā wai pakaru wai-i-roto-i-te-hinu me ngā wai pakaru pahuka hinu. Ko te tuatahi ka whakamahi i ngā surfactants anionic wairewa-hinu, ngā surfactants cationic, me ngā surfactants kore-ionic hei emulsifier, ko te tuarua ka whakamahi i ngā surfactants polymeric kei roto he fluorine hei whakaū pahuka.
Ko ngā wai pakaru mō ngā hanganga tairongo-wai he emulsions, he pahuka rānei i hangaia mā te whakamahi i te ranunga o ngā waipiro (pērā i te ethylene glycol) me ngā hinu (pērā i te kerosene) hei reo marara, te hauhā waro wai hei wāhanga marara, me ngā ethers waipiro polyoxyethylene alkyl kua whakaesterihia ki te sulfate hei emulsifiers, hei kaihoko pahuka rānei, e whakamahia ana mō te pakaru i ngā hanganga tairongo-wai.
Ko ngā wai pakaru mō te whakakawa i te pakaru he wai pakaru, he wai whakakawa hoki, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā hanganga warowaihā e whakahaerehia ana ngā mahi e rua i te wā kotahi. Ko ngā mea e pā ana ki ngā surfactants ko ngā pahuka waikawa me ngā emulsions waikawa; ko te tuatahi e whakamahi ana i ngā alkyl sulfonates, i ngā alkyl benzene sulfonates rānei hei kaihoko pahuka, ko te tuarua e whakamahi ana i ngā surfactants momo-sulfonate hei emulsifiers.
Pērā i ngā wai whakakawa, ka whakamahia hoki e ngā wai pakaru ngā matū horoi hei tango i ngā matū, hei tāpiri horoi, hei whakarerekē hoki i te kaha whakamakuku, e kore e whakamāramahia i konei.
2. Ngā matū horoi mō te whakahaere kōtaha me ngā mahi ārai wai
Hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whanaketanga waipuke wai, me te aukati i te tere o te pikinga o te whakahekenga wai hinu mata, me whakatikatika te kōtaha mimiti wai i roto i ngā puna weronga, me te mahi i ngā mahi aukati wai i roto i ngā puna whakaputa hei whakanui ake i te whakaputanga. Ko ētahi o ēnei tikanga whakahaere kōtaha me te aukati wai he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ētahi matū horoi. Ka whakaritea te kaihoko whakahaere kōtaha gel HPC/SDS mā te whakaranu i te hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) me te sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) ki roto i te wai māori. Ka whakarewaina te sodium alkyl sulfonate me te alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride ki roto i te wai hei whakarite i ngā wai mahi e rua, ka werohia ki roto i te hanganga i ia wā. Ka tūtaki ngā wai mahi e rua ki roto i te hanganga, ka puta he alkyl sulfite precipitation o te alkyl trimethyl amine, e aukati ana i ngā paparanga uruhanga teitei. Ka taea te whakamahi i te polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, alkyl aryl sulfonate, me ētahi atu, hei kaihoko pahuka. Ka whakarewaina ēnei ki roto i te wai hei whakarite i te wai mahi, kātahi ka werohia ki roto i te hanganga me te wai mahi waro hauhā wai. Ka puta he pahuka i roto i te hanganga (ko te nuinga i roto i ngā paparanga uruhanga teitei), ka āraia, ka tutuki ai te pānga whakahaere kōtaha. Ka whakarewaina he matū horoi momo tote ammonia quaternary hei kaihoko pahuka ki roto i te waikawa silicic i hangaia mai i te ammonia sulfate me te karāhe wai, ka werohia ki roto i te hanganga, ā, muri iho ka werohia te hau kore-whakapūmau (hau māori, hau chlorine rānei). Ka puta tuatahi he pahuka me te wai hei reo marara i roto i te hanganga, kātahi ka puta ngā kirikiri waikawa silicic, ka puta he pahuka me te totoka hei reo marara, e ārai ana i ngā paparanga uruhanga teitei, ā, ka tutuki ai te whakahaere kōtaha. Mā te whakamahi i ngā matū horoi momo sulfonate hei kaihoko pahuka me ngā matū ngota teitei hei kaihoko whakamātotoru me te whakau pahuka, kātahi ka werohia te hau, ngā matū whakaputa hau rānei, ka puta he pahuka wai ki runga i te mata, ki roto rānei i te hanganga. I roto i te paparanga hinu, ka neke te nui o te matū horoi ki te hononga hinu-wai, ka pakaru te pahuka, kia kore ai e ārai i te paparanga hinu, ā, he kaihoko whiriwhiri mō te aukati wai puna hinu. Ko te kaihoko aukati wai sima hinu he whakatārewatanga o te sima i roto i te hinu. He wai-whakaaro te mata o te sima. Ina uru ki te paparanga wai, ka nekehia e te wai te hinu ki runga i te mata sima, ka tauhohe ki te sima, ka whakapakeke te sima, ka ārai i te paparanga wai. Hei whakapai ake i te rere o tēnei matū whakapūmau, ka tāpirihia ngā matū whakapūmau momo-carboxylate me te momo-sulfonate. Ko te matū whakapūmau wai micellar wai he otinga micellar i hangaia mai i te ammonium petroleum sulfonate, ngā hauwaiwai, ngā waipiro, me ētahi atu. Ina tūtaki ki te wai tote nui i roto i te hanganga, ka taea te matotoru hei whakatutuki i te pānga whakapūmau wai. Ko ngā matū whakapūmau wai cationic, hinu rānei, he mea hanga mai i te alkyl carboxylate me te alkyl ammonium chloride surfactants, he pai anake mō ngā hanganga onepū. Ko te matū whakapūmau wai hinu taumaha hohe he hinu taumaha i rewa ki ngā emulsifier wai-i-roto-hinu. Ina tūtaki ki te wai i roto i te hanganga, ka puta he emulsion wai-i-roto-hinu matotoru hei whakatutuki i te kaupapa o te whakapūmau wai. Ka whakaritea te kaihopu mono hinu-i-te-wai mā te whakaemulsifying i te hinu taumaha i roto i te wai mā te whakamahi i ngā surfactants cationic hei emulsifier hinu-i-te-wai.
Wā tuku: Hanuere-08-2026