Thechitetezo Za ma surfactants ndi chinthu chofunikira chomwe chimapatsa ma surfactants ntchito zawo zothandiza kwambiri. Chimakhudzidwa ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa mabanja ambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana komanso mitundu yonse ya mafakitale.
Mphamvu yotsutsa ya ma surfactants
Ulusi, mapulasitiki, ndi zinthu zina nthawi zambiri zimapanga magetsi osasinthasintha chifukwa cha kukangana, zomwe zimakhudza momwe zinthu zawo zimagwirira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, ngati nsalu za ulusi zili ndi magetsi osasinthasintha, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zovuta monga "kumamatira ku thupi" kapena "kumamatira kosasinthasintha", komanso kukhala ndi mwayi woyamwa fumbi kapena kuipitsa. Mphamvu ya magetsi osasinthasintha pa zinthu zapulasitiki ndi yayikulu kwambiri. Sikuti zinthuzi zimangokopa fumbi mosavuta, zomwe zimakhudza kuwonekera bwino, kuyera pamwamba ndi mawonekedwe ake, komanso zimachepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kufunika kwa zinthuzo.
Pofuna kuthetsa vutoli la magetsi osasunthika, njira yotsutsana ndi kutentha kwa surfactant imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakadali pano.antistatic othandizira.
- Zochitika za electrostatic ndi zomwe zimayambitsa
Ngakhale pali kusiyana pang'ono pa zotsatira zomwe ofufuza osiyanasiyana adapeza pankhani ya dongosolo la magetsi a ulusi, ulusi wokhala ndi ma amide bond monga ubweya, nayiloni, ndi ubweya wopangira nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi mphamvu zabwino.
Mkhalidwe wofala wa zinthu zamagetsi, kuyambira zabwino mpaka zoipa, ndi motere: (+) Polyurethane – Tsitsi – Nayiloni – Ubweya – Silika – Ulusi wa Viscose – Thonje – Mphira Wolimba – Ulusi wa Acetate – Vinylon – Polypropylene – Polyester – Polyacrylonitrile – Polyvinyl Chloride – Vinyl Chloride – Acrylonitrile Copolymer – Polyethylene – Polytetrafluoroethylene (-). Ngakhale kuti chifukwa cha kupanga magetsi osasinthasintha sichinadziwike bwino, nthawi zambiri amakhulupirira kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu ikagundana, ma charge osuntha amapangidwa pakati pa zinthu zokhutidwa, motero amapanga magetsi osasinthasintha. Mtundu wa charge yomwe chinthu chimakhala nayo ukhoza kudziwika ndi kuchuluka kapena kutayika kwa ma electron. Ngati chinthu chataya ma electron, chimakhala ndi charge yabwino; ngati chipeza ma electron, chimakhala ndi charge yoyipa.
- Woletsa kutentha
Pali njira ziwiri zazikulu zochotsera magetsi osasinthasintha:
Njira Yogwiritsira Ntchito Mphamvu: Popeza kukula kwa magetsi osasunthika kumakhudzidwa ndi kutentha ndi chinyezi, njira zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu monga kusintha kutentha ndi chinyezi, ndi kutulutsa kwa corona zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchotsa magetsi osasunthika pamwamba pa zinthu.
Njira ya mankhwala pamwamba: Ndiko kuti, kugwiritsa ntchito ma surfactants, omwe amadziwikanso kuti antistatic agents, kuti achite mankhwala pamwamba pa ulusi ndi zinthu zapulasitiki kapena kuzisakaniza kukhala mapulasitiki kuti akwaniritse cholinga chochotsa magetsi osasunthika.
2.I. Zoletsa kutentha kwa ulusi
Zinthu zomwe antistatic agents ayenera kukwaniritsa:
(1) Musasinthe momwe dzanja limamvera ulusi;
(2) Mphamvu yabwino yoletsa kutentha, mlingo wochepa, komanso yogwira ntchito bwino kutentha kochepa;
(3) Kugwirizana bwino ndi ulusi wa utomoni;
(4) Kugwirizana bwino ndi zowonjezera zina;
(5) Palibe chochita ndi thovu komanso palibe madontho a madzi;
(6) Yopanda poizoni komanso yosawononga khungu;
(7) Zingathe kusunga bata labwino.
2.2. Mitundu ya mankhwala oletsa kusinthasintha kwa kutentha
Mitundu yayikulu ya antistatic agents yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ulusi ndi cationic ndi amphoteric ionic surfactants.
2.3. Njira yogwirira ntchito mankhwala oletsa kusinthasintha kwa kutentha
Kachitidwe ka antistatic ka ma surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa fiber antistatic kamawonekera makamaka m'mbali ziwiri: kuletsa kupanga magetsi osasunthika pamene pamwamba pa nsalu za fiber pakanizidwa ndi kutayikira kwa ma surface charges. Kuletsa kukangana kwa magetsi kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kapangidwe ka ma surfactants; pomwe kutayikira kwa ma surface charges kumagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa ma adsorption ndi hygroscopicity ya ma surfactants pa nsalu za fiber.
Ma surfactants a Cationic amatha kulowerera mosavuta pamwamba pa ulusi womwe uli ndi mphamvu yoipa kudzera mu mphamvu zawo zabwino.
①Zingathe kuchepetsa mphamvu ya pamwamba pa ulusi;
②Popeza ma surfactants a cationic amalowa pamwamba pa ulusi ndi ma ion a quaternary ammonium omwe ali ndi mphamvu zabwino, ndipo ma hydrocarbon chains a hydrophobic amayang'ana kunja, ndikupanga filimu yolunjika yolumikizidwa yokhala ndi ma hydrocarbon chains pamwamba pa ulusi. Filimu iyi yolowetsa madzi imatha kuchepetsa bwino mphamvu yokangana yomwe imapangidwa pamwamba pa ulusi panthawi ya kukangana, motero imafooketsa vuto la magetsi okangana.
Pa ulusi wopangidwa wokhala ndi polarity yochepa komanso hydrophobicity yamphamvu, ma cationic surfactants amalowa pamwamba pa ulusi kudzera mu mphamvu za van der Waals ndi unyolo wawo wa hydrocarbon, pomwe magulu a polar quaternary ammonium akuyang'ana kunja, kuphimba pamwamba pa ulusi ndi magulu a polar okonda hydrophilic. Izi sizimangowonjezera mphamvu ya pamwamba pa ulusi komanso zimawonjezera chinyezi cha pamwamba pake, chomwe chimathandiza pakutaya magetsi osasunthika omwe amapangidwa ndi kukangana ndipo chimagwira ntchito yotsutsana ndi static.
Kuchuluka kwa dioctadecyl ammonium chloride yomwe imalowa pamwamba pa ulusi wachilengedwe ndi kwakukulu kwambiri kuposa komwe kumalowa pa ulusi wopangidwa. Izi zikusonyeza kuti ili ndi mphamvu yabwino yoletsa kusinthasintha kwa ulusi wachilengedwe.
Monga ma surfactants a cationic, ma surfactants a amphoteric ionic amakhala ndi ma positive charges ndipo amathanso kuyamwa pamwamba pa ulusi woipa kuti achepetse ma static charges. Magulu awo oopa hydrophobic nawonso amachepetsa kukangana. Komanso, poyerekeza ndi ma surfactants a cationic, ali ndi gulu lina la anionic mu kapangidwe kawo ka molekyulu, kotero amatha kuwonjezera chinyezi bwino komanso kutulutsa ma charge. Chifukwa chake, ma surfactants a amphoteric ionic ndi ma antistatic agents omwe amagwira ntchito bwino, koma mtengo wawo ndi wokwera kwambiri.
Ma surfactants a Anionic ndi non-ionic ali ndi zotsatira zoyipa zotsutsana ndi static chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo kochepa kwa adsorption pamwamba pa ulusi. Kuchuluka kwa adsorption kwa ma surfactants a non-ionic ndi kwakukulu kuposa kwa anionic chifukwa sikukhudzidwa ndi mphamvu ya pamwamba ya ulusi, koma zotsatira zake pa kutayika kwa static ndi zochepa, kotero mphamvu zawo zotsutsana ndi static ndi zoyipa kwambiri kuposa za ma surfactants a cationic ndi amphoteric ionic.
- Wothandizira pulasitiki
Njira yogwirira ntchito ya ma surfactants ngati zinthu zotsutsana ndi static agents za pulasitiki: Ma surfactants amalowa pamwamba pa pulasitiki kudzera mu mphamvu za van der Waals ndi unyolo wawo wa hydrocarbon womwe umalowa m'madzi, pomwe magulu awo a polar amatambasukira kunja, ndikupanga filimu yolunjika ya ma surfactants pamwamba pa pulasitiki. Filimuyi imapereka mphamvu yoyendetsera mpweya, zomwe zimathandiza kuti ma static charges azitha kutha bwino. Nthawi yomweyo, filimu yokhudzana ndi madzi imathanso kuchepetsa kukangana pamwamba pa pulasitiki.
Ma antistatic agents apulasitiki amagawidwa malinga ndi mtundu wa surfactant m'magulu awa:
(1) Mtundu wa Anionic;
(2) Mtundu wa Cationic;
(3) Mtundu wa ionic wa Amphoteric;
(4) Mtundu wosakhala wa ioni.
Mankhwala oletsa kutentha amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri malinga ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito:
(1) Zinthu zoletsa kutentha zomwe zili pamwamba pake;
(2) Zinthu zotsutsana ndi kutentha zomwe zimakhala ngati zosakaniza.
Nthawi yotumizira: Mar-12-2026