Mphamvu Yopanda Mphamvu ya Osapanga Zinthu

Katundu wotsukira wazinthu zopangira ma surfactantsNdi khalidwe lofunika kwambiri lomwe limapatsa ma surfactants ntchito zawo zabwino kwambiri. Limakhudzidwa ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa mabanja ambiri ndipo limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mbali zonse za moyo ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira mafakitale.

Mphamvu Yopanda Mphamvuza Surfactants

Ulusi, mapulasitiki ndi zinthu zina nthawi zambiri zimapanga magetsi osasinthasintha chifukwa cha kukangana, zomwe zimasokoneza magwiridwe antchito awo. Mwachitsanzo, nsalu za ulusi zokhala ndi magetsi osasinthasintha nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zovuta monga kumamatira ku thupi, kumamatira kosasinthasintha, komanso chizolowezi choyamwa fumbi ndikuipitsidwa. Zotsatira zoyipa za magetsi osasinthasintha pazinthu za pulasitiki zimakhala zoopsa kwambiri. Zinthu za pulasitiki zokhazikika sizimangotenga fumbi mosavuta, zomwe zimawononga kuwonekera bwino, ukhondo wa pamwamba ndi mawonekedwe a zinthuzo, komanso zimachepetsa magwiridwe antchito ndi mtengo wake.

Pofuna kuthetsa zinthu zotere zosasinthasintha, njira yogwiritsira ntchito surfactant antistatic imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakadali pano. Ma surfactants otere amadziwika kuti antistatic agents.

Gawo 1 Zochitika Zosasinthasintha ndi Zomwe Zimayambitsa

Ngakhale pali kusiyana kwina mu zotsatira za kutsatana kwa magetsi kwa ulusi wopezedwa ndi oyesa osiyanasiyana, ulusi wokhala ndi ma amide bond monga ubweya, nayiloni ndi ubweya wopangira nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi mphamvu zabwino. Mkhalidwe wa magetsi wa mapulasitiki wamba ukuwonetsedwa mu Table 10.‑2. Mndandanda wa magetsi wa zinthu zodziwika bwino kuyambira zabwino mpaka zoipa walembedwa pansipa:

(+) Polyurethane–Tsitsi–Nayiloni–Ubweya–Silika–Ulusi wa viscose–Thonje–Rabala yolimba–Ulusi wa acetate wa selulosi–Viniloni–Polypropylene–Polyester–Polyacrylonitrile–Polyvinyl chloride–Copolymer ya vinyl chloride-acrylonitrile–Polyethylene–Polytetrafluoroethylene (-).

Njira yeniyeni yopangira magetsi osasunthika siikudziwika bwino, komabe pali mgwirizano wakuti magetsi osasunthika amachokera ku ma chaji oyenda omwe amapangidwa pakati pa zinthu pamene mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu ikukhudzana. Mtundu wa chaji chomwe chinthu chimakhala nacho umatsimikiziridwa ndi phindu kapena kutayika kwa ma elekitironi. Chinthu chimakhala ndi chaji yabwino chikataya ma elekitironi ndi chaji yoyipa chikapeza ma elekitironi.

Gawo 2 Zinthu Zoletsa Kusakhazikika

Pali njira ziwiri zazikulu zochotsera magetsi osasinthasintha:

(1) Njira zakuthupi. Popeza kukula kwa magetsi osasunthika kumakhudzidwa ndi kutentha ndi chinyezi, njira zakuthupi monga kusintha kutentha ndi chinyezi ndi kutulutsa kwa korona zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchotsa magetsi osasunthika pamwamba pa zinthu.

(2) Njira zopangira mankhwala pamwamba, zomwe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma surfactants (omwe amatchedwanso antistatic agents) kuti achite chithandizo cha pamwamba pa zinthu zopangidwa ndi ulusi ndi pulasitiki kapena kuzisakaniza kukhala mapulasitiki kuti akwaniritse cholinga chochotsa zinthu mosasunthika.

1. Zinthu Zoletsa Kusakhazikika kwa Ulusi

Katundu wofunikira wa antistatic agents:

(1) Musasinthe momwe ulusi umagwirira ntchito m'manja; (2) Kugwira ntchito bwino koteteza kutentha kwa mpweya ndi mlingo wochepa komanso kugwira ntchito bwino kutentha kochepa; (3) Kugwirizana bwino ndi ulusi wa resin; (4) Kugwirizana bwino ndi zinthu zina zothandizira; (5) Palibe thovu komanso palibe madontho a madzi; (6) Sizowopsa komanso sizikwiyitsa khungu; (7) Sungani bwino.

Mitundu ya mankhwala oletsa kusinthasintha kwa kutentha

Mitundu yayikulu ya antistatic agents yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ulusi ndi cationic ndi amphoteric surfactants.

Njira yogwirira ntchito ya antistatic agents

Kachitidwe ka antistatic ka ma surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zotsutsana ndi ulusi kamawonekera makamaka m'mbali ziwiri: kuletsa kupanga zinthu zosasunthika pamene nsalu za ulusi zikukangana ndikuthandizira kutayika kwa mphamvu za pamwamba. Kupewa kwa magetsi okangana kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kapangidwe ka ma surfactants, pomwe kutayika kwa mphamvu za pamwamba kumakhudzana ndi mphamvu ya adsorption ndi hygroscopicity ya ma surfactants pa nsalu za ulusi.

Ma cationic surfactants amatha kulowerera mosavuta pamalo a ulusi wopanda mphamvu pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo zabwino.

①Zingathe kuchepetsa mphamvu za ulusi pamwamba;

②Ma cationic surfactants amalowa m'malo a ulusi molunjika komwe ma ion a quaternary ammonium omwe ali ndi mphamvu zabwino amalumikizana ndi ulusi ndipo maunyolo a hydrocarbon omwe amalowa m'malo akunja amaloza kunja, ndikupanga filimu yolumikizidwa yolumikizidwa yokhala ndi maunyolo a hydrocarbon pamwamba pa ulusi. Filimu iyi yolowera imatha kuchepetsa kukangana pamwamba pa ulusi panthawi ya kukangana ndikufooketsa magetsi okangana.

Pa ulusi wopangidwa wokhala ndi polarity yochepa komanso hydrophobicity yamphamvu, ma cationic surfactants amakoka pamwamba pa ulusi kudzera mu mphamvu za van der Waals pogwiritsa ntchito unyolo wawo wa hydrocarbon, pomwe magulu a polar quaternary ammonium akuyang'ana kunja. Chifukwa chake, pamwamba pa ulusiwo pali magulu a polar okonda hydrophilic, omwe sikuti amangowonjezera mphamvu ya pamwamba pa ulusi komanso amawonjezera chinyezi chake pamwamba, zomwe zimathandiza kufalikira kwa magetsi osasunthika omwe amapangidwa ndi kukangana ndikupereka zotsatira zotsutsana ndi static.

Mphamvu ya dioctadecyl ammonium chloride yolowetsedwa pamwamba pa ulusi wachilengedwe ndi yayikulu kwambiri kuposa ya ulusi wopangidwa, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti imagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pa ulusi wachilengedwe.

Monga ma surfactants a cationic, ma surfactants amphoteric amakhala ndi ma positive charges ndipo amatha kuyamwa pamalo a ulusi omwe ali ndi negative charge kuti achepetse ma static charges. Magulu awo odana ndi hydrophobic amachepetsanso kukangana. Poyerekeza ndi ma surfactants a cationic, ma surfactants amphoteric ali ndi gulu lina la anionic mu kapangidwe kawo ka molekyulu, zomwe zimathandiza kusunga chinyezi bwino komanso kutulutsa ma charge. Chifukwa chake, ma surfactants amphoteric ndi ma antistatic agents ogwira ntchito kwambiri, ngakhale pamtengo wokwera.

Ma surfactants a Anionic ndi Nonionic sachita bwino kwambiri chifukwa cha mphamvu yawo yotsika yolowetsa ulusi pamwamba. Kuchuluka kwa ma surfactants a nonionic sikukhudzidwa ndi mphamvu ya pamwamba ya ulusi ndipo ndi kokwera kuposa kwa ma surfactants a anionic, komabe ali ndi mphamvu yofooka pa kufalikira kwa static. Chifukwa chake mphamvu yawo yoletsa static ndi yotsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ya ma surfactants a cationic ndi amphoteric.

2. Zinthu Zoletsa Kusakhazikika kwa Mapulasitiki

Kachitidwe ka ma surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma plastic antistatic agents ndi motere: ma surfactants amalowa m'malo apulasitiki ndi maunyolo awo a hydrophobic hydrocarbon kudzera mu mphamvu za van der Waals, ndipo magulu a polar amatuluka. Filimu yolumikizira ma surfactants imapangidwa pamwamba pa pulasitiki kuti ipereke mphamvu yoyendetsa, zomwe zimathandiza kuti ma static charges azitha kutha bwino. Pakadali pano, filimu yolumikizira ma adsorption imathanso kuchepetsa kukangana pa malo apulasitiki.

Kugawa kwa ma pulasitiki oletsa kusinthasintha kwa kutentha ndi mtundu wa surfactant:

(1)Mtundu wa Anionic;

(2) Mtundu wa Cationic;

(3) Mtundu wa Amphoteric;

(4) Mtundu wosakhala wa ionic.

Mankhwala oletsa kuzizira amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri malinga ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito:

(1) Zophimba pamwamba pa zinthu zotsutsana ndi kutentha;

(2) Zinthu zotsutsana ndi kutentha.