Malingaliro opanga mankhwala oyeretsera pogwiritsa ntchito madzi

1 Malingaliro Opangira Mapangidwe a Zotsukira Zogwiritsa Ntchito Madzi

1.1 Kusankha Machitidwe

Machitidwe oyeretsera ogwiritsidwa ntchito m'madzi amatha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu: osalowerera ndale, acidic, ndi alkaline.

Zotsukira zosalowerera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'malo omwe sagonjetsedwa ndi asidi ndi alkali. Njira yotsukirayi imagwiritsa ntchito kuphatikiza kwa zotsukira zothandizira ndi ma surfactants kuti zichotse dothi pamwamba pa zinthu.

Kuyeretsa kwa asidi nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa dzimbiri ndi kuchotsa zitsulo mu skew ya oxide. Palibe zinthu zambiri zothandizira zomwe zimapezeka mukakhala ndi asidi. Kuyeretsa kwa asidi kumagwiritsa ntchito njira pakati pa asidi ndi dzimbiri kapena skew ya oxide pamwamba pa chitsulo kuti zichotse dothi. Nthawi yomweyo, zinthu zothandizira ndi zinthu zosungunulira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa dothi loyeretsedwa kuti zikwaniritse cholinga choyeretsa. Zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, acetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, boric acid, ndi zina zotero. Kuyeretsa kwa alkaline kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyeretsa mafakitale. Chifukwa chakuti alkali yokha imatha kusungunula mafuta a masamba kuti apange zinthu zopangidwa ndi hydrophilic saponified, ndiyoyenera kwambiri poyeretsa mabala a mafuta. Alkaline zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo NaOH, KOH, sodium carbonate, ammonia water, alkanolamines, ndi zina zotero.

1.2 Kusankha Zothandizira

Mu kuyeretsa mafakitale, timagwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera zomwe zimathandiza pa ntchito yoyeretsa monga zinthu zothandizira kuyeretsa, zomwe zimaphatikizapo zinthu zoyeretsera, zoletsa dzimbiri, zochotsa poizoni, mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mankhwala okonza ma enzyme, zokhazikika za pH, ndi zina zotero. Zinthu zothandizira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri zimagawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa:

Ma dispersants a Chelating: ma phosphates (sodium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium metaphosphate, sodium phosphate, ndi zina zotero), ma phosphates achilengedwe (ATMP, HEDP, EDTMP, ndi zina zotero), ma alkanolamines (triethanolamine, diethanolamine, monoethanolamine, isopropanolamine, ndi zina zotero), ma amino carboxylates (NTA, EDTA, ndi zina zotero), ma hydroxyl carboxylates (citrates, tartrates, gluconates, ndi zina zotero), polyacrylic acid ndi zotumphukira zake (maleic-acrylic copolymer), ndi zina zotero;

Zoletsa dzimbiri: mtundu wa filimu ya oxide (chromates, nitrites, molybdate, tungstates, borates, ndi zina zotero), mtundu wa filimu ya precipitation (phosphates, carbonates, hydroxides, ndi zina zotero), mtundu wa filimu ya adsorption (silicates, organic amines, organic carboxylic acids, petroleum sulfonates, thiourea, urotropine, imidazoles, thiazoles, benzotriazoles, ndi zina zotero);

Zoyeretsera: organosilicon, polyether modified organosilicon, zoyeretsera zopanda silicon, ndi zina zotero.

1.3 Kusankha kwa Ma Surfactants

Mankhwala oyeretsera zinthu m'mafakitale amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri poyeretsa mafakitale. Amatha kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwa pamwamba pa makina, kupititsa patsogolo kulowa kwa chinthucho, ndikulola chotsukira kuti chilowe mwachangu mkati mwa dothi. Amakhalanso ndi mphamvu yotulutsa ndi kutulutsa mafuta omwe atsukidwa.

Ma surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri amagawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa:

Zosakhala za ionic: alkylphenol ethoxylates (NP/OP/ TX series), fatty alcohol ethoxylates (AEO series), isomeric alcohol ethoxylates (XL/XP/TO series), secondary alcohol ethoxylates (SAEO series), polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene ether series (PE/RPE series), alkyl polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene, polyoxyethylene ether capped series, fatty acid polyoxyethylene esters (EL), fatty amine polyoxyethylene ethers (AC), acetylenic diol ethoxylates, alkyl glycosides series, ndi zina zotero;

Anionic: ma sulfonates (alkylbenzene sulfonates LAS, α-olefin sulfonates AOS, alkyl sulfonates SAS, succinate sulfonates OT, fatty acid ester sulfonates MES, ndi zina zotero), sulfate esters (K12, AES, ndi zina zotero), phosphate esters (alkyl phosphates, fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether phosphates, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether phosphates, ndi zina zotero), carboxylates (mafuta acid salts, ndi zina zotero);

Cationic: mchere wa ammonium wa quaternary (1631, 1231, ndi zina zotero);
Ma ayoni a Amphoteric: betaines (BS, CAB, ndi zina zotero), amino acid; ammonium oxides (OB, ndi zina zotero), imidazolines.