1. Mankhwala opangira ma surfactants kuti asweke
Njira zothyola ming'alu nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo omwe mafuta salowa madzi ambiri. Izi zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kuti asweke, kupanga ming'alu, kenako kulimbitsa ming'aluyi ndi zinthu zoteteza kuti achepetse kukana kwa madzi kuyenda bwino, potero kukwaniritsa cholinga chowonjezera kupanga ndi kulowetsa. Madzi ena othyola ming'alu amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoteteza kutentha monga chimodzi mwa zigawo zake.
Madzi ophwanyika mafuta m'madzi amapangidwa kuchokera ku madzi, mafuta, ndi ma emulsifier. Ma emulsifier omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi monga ma ionic, non-ionic, ndi amphoteric surfactants. Ngati madzi okhuthala agwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo lakunja ndi mafuta ngati gawo lamkati, madzi okhuthala mafuta m'madzi (polymer emulsion) amatha kukonzedwa. Mtundu uwu wa madzi ophwanyika ungagwiritsidwe ntchito kutentha pansi pa 160°C ndipo ukhoza kutulutsa madzi okha.
Madzi ophwanyika a thovu ndi omwe ali ndi madzi ngati njira yofalitsira ndi mpweya ngati gawo lofalikira. Zigawo zawo zazikulu ndi madzi, gasi, ndi zinthu zotulutsa thovu. Alkyl sulfonates, alkyl benzene sulfonates, alkyl sulfate esters, quaternary ammonium salts, ndi OP-type surfactants zonse zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zinthu zotulutsa thovu. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zotulutsa thovu m'madzi nthawi zambiri kumakhala 0.5–2%, ndipo chiŵerengero cha voliyumu ya gasi mpaka voliyumu ya thovu chimakhala pakati pa 0.5 mpaka 0.9.
Mafuta ophwanyika pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta ngati chosungunulira kapena chogawaniza. Mafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'munda ndi mafuta osakonzedwa kapena zigawo zake zolemera. Kuti awonjezere mphamvu ya kutentha kwa mafuta, mafuta osungunuka a sulfonates (omwe ali ndi kulemera kwa mamolekyulu a 300–750) ayenera kuwonjezeredwa. Mafuta ophwanyika pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta amaphatikizaponso madzi ophwanyika pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta ndi mafuta ophwanyika pogwiritsa ntchito thovu. Choyamba chimagwiritsa ntchito ma surfactants anionic osungunuka ndi mafuta, ma surfactants a cationic, ndi ma surfactants osakhala a ionic ngati ma emulsifiers, pomwe chachiwiri chimagwiritsa ntchito ma surfactants a polymeric okhala ndi fluorine ngati zokhazikika za thovu.
Madzi ophwanyika a mapangidwe omwe amakhudzidwa ndi madzi ndi ma emulsion kapena thovu lopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chisakanizo cha ma alcohols (monga ethylene glycol) ndi mafuta (monga kerosene) ngati njira yofalitsira, madzi a carbon dioxide ngati gawo lofalikira, ndi ma ether a sulfate-esterified polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol monga ma emulsifiers kapena ma thovu, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pophwanyira mapangidwe omwe amakhudzidwa ndi madzi.
Madzi ophwanyika omwe amaphwanyika amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati madzi ophwanyika komanso madzi ophwanyika, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma carbonate komwe njira zonse ziwiri zimachitika nthawi imodzi. Zomwe zimagwirizana ndi ma surfactants ndi ma acid foam ndi ma acid emulsions; woyamba amagwiritsa ntchito alkyl sulfonates kapena alkyl benzene sulfonates ngati zinthu zotulutsa thovu, pomwe wachiwiri amagwiritsa ntchito ma surfactants amtundu wa sulfonate ngati zinthu zotulutsira thovu.
Monga madzi opangitsa asidi kukhalapo, madzi ophwanyika amagwiritsanso ntchito ma surfactants ngati zochotsa mungu, zowonjezera zoyeretsera, ndi zosinthira kunyowa, zomwe sizidzafotokozedwa pano.
2. Zopangira madzi zowongolera mbiri ndi njira zotsekera madzi
Kuti madzi osefukira azitha kugwira bwino ntchito komanso kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi odulidwa, ndikofunikira kusintha momwe madzi amayamwira m'zitsime zobayira ndikuchita njira zotsekera madzi m'zitsime zopangira kuti ziwonjezere kupanga. Zina mwa njirazi zowongolera mawonekedwe ndi zotsekera madzi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito ma surfactants ena. Chothandizira chowongolera mawonekedwe a gel a HPC/SDS chimakonzedwa mwa kusakaniza hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) ndi sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) m'madzi abwino. Sodium alkyl sulfonate ndi alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride zimasungunuka m'madzi kuti zikonzekere madzi awiri ogwira ntchito, omwe amalowetsedwa mu kapangidwe kake motsatizana. Madzi awiri ogwira ntchito amakumana mu kapangidwe kake, ndikupanga alkyl sulfite precipitates ya alkyl trimethyl amine, yomwe imaletsa zigawo zololera kulowa. Polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, alkyl aryl sulfonate, ndi zina zotero, zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zotulutsa thovu. Zimasungunuka m'madzi kuti zikonzekere madzi ogwira ntchito, omwe amalowetsedwa mu kapangidwe kake ndi madzi ogwirira ntchito a carbon dioxide. Izi zimapangitsa thovu kukhala lopangidwa (makamaka m'magawo otha kulowa mosavuta), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti lizitsekeka ndikukwaniritsa mphamvu yowongolera mawonekedwe. Surfactant ya quaternary ammonium salt-type monga chopangira thovu imasungunuka mu silicic acid sol yokonzedwa kuchokera ku ammonium sulfate ndi galasi lamadzi ndikulowetsedwa mu kapangidwe kake, kutsatiridwa ndi jakisoni wa mpweya wosakhazikika (mpweya wachilengedwe kapena mpweya wa chlorine). Choyamba izi zimapanga thovu ndi madzi ngati chopangira chogawanitsa mu kapangidwe kake, kenako ma gels a silicic acid sol, zomwe zimapangitsa thovu lokhala ndi lolimba ngati chopangira chogawanitsa, chomwe chimatseka zigawo zotha kulowa mosavuta ndikukwaniritsa kuwongolera mawonekedwe. Pogwiritsa ntchito ma surfactants amtundu wa sulfonate ngati zopangira thovu ndi ma molekyulu ambiri ngati zokhuthala ndi zokhazikika za thovu, kenako ndikulowetsa mpweya kapena zinthu zopangira mpweya, thovu lochokera m'madzi limapangidwa pamwamba kapena mu kapangidwe kake. Mu gawo la mafuta, kuchuluka kwa surfactant kumapita ku mawonekedwe a mafuta ndi madzi, zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa thovu, kotero silimatseka gawo la mafuta ndipo ndi chopangira chosankha chotseka madzi m'chitsime cha mafuta. Chotsukira madzi chochokera ku simenti chopangidwa ndi mafuta ndi choyimitsidwa ndi simenti mu mafuta. Pamwamba pa simenti pamakhala pozizira. Madzi akalowa mu gawo lopanga madzi, amachotsa mafuta pamwamba pa simenti ndikuchitapo kanthu ndi simenti, zomwe zimapangitsa simenti kuuma ndikutseka gawo lopanga madzi. Kuti chotsukira ichi chikhale cholimba, nthawi zambiri amawonjezeredwa zinthu zosungunulira madzi za mtundu wa carboxylate ndi sulfonate. Chotsukira madzi cha micellar chochokera m'madzi ndi yankho la micellar lomwe limapangidwa makamaka ndi ammonium petroleum sulfonate, hydrocarbons, alcohols, ndi zina zotero. Chikakumana ndi madzi ambiri amchere, chimatha kukhala chokhuthala kuti chikwaniritse zotsatira za chotsukira madzi. Zotsukira madzi zochokera ku cationic surfactant zochokera m'madzi kapena mafuta, zomwe zimapangidwa makamaka ndi alkyl carboxylate ndi alkyl ammonium chloride surfactants, ndizoyenera kupanga miyala yamchenga. Chotsukira madzi chogwira ntchito cha mafuta olemera ndi mafuta olemera osungunuka ndi emulsifiers zamadzi mu mafuta. Ikakumana ndi madzi m'mapangidwe ake, imapanga emulsion yamadzi-mu-mafuta yokhuthala kwambiri kuti ikwaniritse cholinga chotseka madzi. Cholumikizira mafuta-mu-madzi chimakonzedwa mwa kusakaniza mafuta olemera m'madzi pogwiritsa ntchito ma cationic surfactants ngati ma emulsifier amafuta-mu-madzi.
Nthawi yotumizira: Januwale-08-2026