1. Lingaliro la kuyandama
Flotation, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti flotation beneficiation, ndi ukadaulo wokonza mchere womwe umalekanitsa mchere wothandiza ndi mchere wa gangue pa gas-liquid-solid phase interface pogwiritsa ntchito kusiyana kwa mawonekedwe a pamwamba pa mchere wosiyanasiyana mu miyala, ndipo imatchedwanso "kulekanitsa mawonekedwe". Njira zonse zaukadaulo zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina ma interfaces a gawo kuti zikwaniritse kulekanitsa tinthu kutengera kusiyana kwa mawonekedwe a tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta mchere zimatchedwa flotation.
Makhalidwe a pamwamba pa mchere amatanthauza makhalidwe enieni, a mankhwala ndi ena a pamwamba pa tinthu ta mchere, monga kunyowa pamwamba, makhalidwe amagetsi pamwamba, mitundu, kukhuta, ndi ntchito ya ma bond a mankhwala a maatomu pamwamba, ndi zina zotero. Tinthu ta mchere tosiyanasiyana tili ndi kusiyana kwina pa makhalidwe a pamwamba. Pogwiritsa ntchito kusiyana kumeneku pa makhalidwe a pamwamba pa tinthu, kulekanitsa ndi kukulitsa mchere kumatha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito ma interface a gawo. Chifukwa chake, njira yoyandama imaphatikizapo ma interface a magawo atatu a gasi-madzimadzi-olimba.
Kapangidwe ka mchere pamwamba pake kangasinthidwe kudzera mu njira yopangira zinthu, ndi cholinga chowonjezera kusiyana kwa pamwamba pakati pa mchere wothandiza ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta gangue kuti tithe kulekanitsa. Pakuyandama, ma reagents oyandama nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha kapangidwe ka mchere pamwamba pake, kukulitsa kusiyana kwa kapangidwe ka mchere pakati pa mchere, kuwonjezera kapena kuchepetsa kusagwirizana kwa madzi ndi nthaka ya pamwamba pa mchere, kuti asinthe ndikuwongolera momwe mchere umayankhira ndikupeza zotsatira zabwino zolekanitsa. Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kupanga ukadaulo woyandama kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi ma reagents oyandama.
Popeza makhalidwe a pamwamba pa tinthu ta mchere ndi osiyana ndi magawo a mineral physical monga kuchulukana ndi mphamvu ya maginito, zomwe zimakhala zovuta kusintha, makhalidwe a pamwamba pa tinthu ta mchere amatha kulowetsedwa mwa njira yopangira kuti pakhale kusiyana kofunikira pa makhalidwe a pamwamba pakati pa mchere kuti alekanitsidwe. Chifukwa chake, flotation imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakulekanitsa mchere ndipo imadziwika kuti njira yogwiritsira ntchito mchere padziko lonse lapansi. Ndi njira yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso yothandiza kwambiri pakulekanitsa zinthu zabwino ndi zazing'ono kwambiri.
2. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Flotation
Kukonza mchere ndi ntchito yopanga zinthu zomwe zimakonzekera zipangizo zopangira zitsulo ndi makampani opanga mankhwala, ndipo kuyandama kwa thovu kwakhala njira imodzi yofunika kwambiri yopangira mchere. Pafupifupi zinthu zonse zamchere zimatha kulekanitsidwa ndi kuyandama.
Pakadali pano, flotation imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu miyala yachitsulo yachitsulo makamaka popangira chitsulo ndi manganese, monga hematite, smithsonite, ilmenite ndi mchere wina; miyala yachitsulo yamtengo wapatali makamaka yopangira golide ndi siliva; miyala yachitsulo yopanda chitsulo monga mkuwa, lead, zinc, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, antimony, kuphatikizapo mchere wa sulfide monga galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, molybdenite, pentlandite, ndi mchere wa oxide monga malachite, cerussite, hemimorphite, cassiterite, wolframite; kulekanitsa mchere wopanda chitsulo monga fluorite, apatite, barite, ndi mchere wosungunuka monga mchere wa potashi ndi mchere wa miyala; komanso kulekanitsa mchere wopanda chitsulo ndi mchere wa silicate monga malasha, graphite, sulfure, diamondi, quartz, mica, feldspar, beryl, spodumene.
Flotation yapeza luso lochuluka pantchito yokonza mchere, ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo kosalekeza. Pa mchere wotsika komanso wovuta womwe kale unkaganiziridwa kuti sugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale, tsopano ukubwezeretsedwanso (zinthu zina) kudzera mu flotation.
Pamene zinthu za mchere zikuchepa kwambiri, mchere wothandiza umagawidwa bwino kwambiri komanso kusakanikirana ndi miyala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kulekanitsa kukhale kovuta; pofuna kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira, mafakitale monga zipangizo zachitsulo ndi mankhwala ali ndi zofunikira kwambiri pa miyezo yaubwino ndi kulondola kwa zinthu zopangira, mwachitsanzo, zinthu zolekanitsidwa.
Kumbali imodzi, ndikofunikira kukonza ubwino; kumbali ina, ponena za vuto lakuti mchere ndi wovuta kulekanitsa chifukwa cha kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, kuyandama kwawonetsa ubwino kuposa njira zina, kukhala njira yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso yodalirika yokonzera mchere pakadali pano. Njira zoyandama zapita patsogolo pang'onopang'ono kuyambira pomwe poyamba zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mchere wa sulfide mpaka kupanga mchere wa oxide ndi mchere wosakhala wachitsulo. Tsopano, kuchuluka kwa mchere wonse wokonzedwa ndi kuyandama padziko lonse lapansi kumafika matani mabiliyoni ambiri chaka chilichonse.
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa flotation sikungokhala kokha pa ntchito za uinjiniya wokonza mchere, koma kwakula mpaka kuteteza chilengedwe, kupanga zitsulo, kupanga mapepala, ulimi, mafakitale a mankhwala, chakudya, zipangizo, mankhwala, zamoyo ndi zina.
Mwachitsanzo, kubwezeretsa zinthu zothandiza mu zinthu zapakati, zinthu zosinthasintha komanso zotsalira za pyrometallurgy; kubwezeretsa zinthu zotsalira za hydrometallurgical leaching ndi zinthu zamvula zomwe zasamutsidwa; kuyandama mumakampani opanga mankhwala kuti achotse mapepala obwezerezedwanso ndi ulusi kuchokera ku zinyalala za pulp; kuchotsa mafuta olemera osakonzedwa kuchokera ku mchenga wa m'mphepete mwa mtsinje, kulekanitsa zinthu zazing'ono zoipitsa, ma colloid, mabakiteriya, ndi kuchotsa zinyalala zachitsulo kuchokera ku zimbudzi ndi ntchito zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muukadaulo wa zachilengedwe.
Ndi kusintha kwa njira ndi njira zoyendetsera madzi, komanso kutulukira kwa zida zatsopano komanso zogwira mtima zoyendetsera madzi, kuyendetsa madzi kudzagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale ndi m'magawo ambiri. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyendetsera madzi, zida zoyendetsera madzi zidzapangitsa kuti mtengo wogwiritsira ntchito madziwo ukhale wokwera (poyerekeza ndi kulekanitsa kwa maginito ndi kulekanitsa mphamvu yokoka); kukula kwa tinthu tomwe timafunikira kuti tiwonjezere madzi ndi kokhwima; pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zimakhudza njira yoyendetsera madzi, zomwe zimafuna ukadaulo wambiri; ndipo madzi otayira okhala ndi zinthu zotsalira ndi owopsa ku chilengedwe.
3. Zomwe zili mu kafukufuku wa flotation
Njira yoyandama imakhudza mchere wolimba ndi zinthu zolekanitsa (madzi, gasi). Zomwe zili mu kafukufukuyu zikuphatikizapo mfundo zoyambira za kuyandama, zinthu zoyandama, makina oyandama, njira zoyandama, ndi zina zotero.
Chiphunzitso chachikulu cha kuyandama chimaphatikizapo kuyandama kwa mchere, makhalidwe a ma interface olekanitsa, ndi zina zotero, kuphunzira makhalidwe a ma interface a gawo, kuyanjana pakati pa magawo, njira ya mineralization ya thovu, ndi zina zotero; kafukufuku wa ma reagents oyandama umaphatikizapo mitundu, kapangidwe kake, makhalidwe, njira zogwirira ntchito, kukonzekera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma reagents; kafukufuku wa makina oyandama umaphatikizapo kapangidwe kake, mfundo zogwirira ntchito ndi zochitika zogwiritsira ntchito makina oyandama; kafukufuku wa njira zoyandama umatchula kapangidwe ka njira, mphamvu ndi kuwongolera zinthu zomwe zimachitika, ndi dongosolo la ma reagent; kuphatikiza apo, pali kafukufuku wokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito miyala yosiyanasiyana.
Dongosolo la chiphunzitso cha kafukufuku wa flotation limaphatikizapo maphunziro monga process mineralogy, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry (interface chemistry, colloid chemistry), fluid mechanics, mechanical engineering, automatic detection, ndi technical and economic analysis.
Nthawi yotumizira: Feb-09-2026