Kugwira ntchito kwa sopo wa surfactants ndi chinthu chofunikira chomwe chimapatsa surfactants ntchito yawo yabwino kwambiri. Chimakhudzidwa ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa mabanja ambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, chikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana komanso m'mitundu yonse yopanga mafakitale.
Ma surfactants ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri mu sopo; popanda ma surfactants, sipangakhale sopo wopangidwa. Pakati pa mitundu yonse ya SAA, ma surfactants a anionic ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ndipo kufunikira kwamakono kumaposa 50%. Ma surfactants a anionic apitiliza kukhala ndi udindo waukulu kwa nthawi yayitali mtsogolo.
1 Anionic Surfactants
Mitundu ya ma anionic surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati sopo makamaka ndi monga mafuta acid salt (sopo), alkylbenzene sulfonates (ABS), fatty alcohol sulfates (AS), fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene sulfates (AES),α-olefin sulfates (AOS), fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene carboxylates (AEC), ndi fatty acid methyl ester sulfonates (MES), ndi zina zotero.
1.1 Sopo
Gawo la sopo lomwe limagwira ntchito pamwamba pake limakhala ndi mphamvu yoipa, yomwe pakati pake ndi sodium ndi potaziyamu salts zomwe zimakhala ndi unyolo wautali wa carbon chain. Sopo wogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri uyu ali ndi ubwino wa zinthu zopangira zambiri, kukonzekera kosavuta, komanso mtengo wotsika. M'mafakitale, nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuchokera ku mafuta monga ng'ombe yokazinga ndi nkhosa yokazinga kudzera mu saponification yokhala ndi alkali yamphamvu, kutsatiridwa ndi mchere ndi kulekanitsa glycerol. Vuto lake lalikulu ndilakuti ikakumana ndi ma ayoni achitsulo a divalent ndi trivalent monga Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺, ndi zina zotero, mu yankho lamadzi, imapanga sopo ya calcium kapena sopo ya magnesium yokhala ndi kusungunuka kochepa kwambiri, motero kutaya mphamvu zoyenera zotsukira za sopo.
1.2Alkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS)
Sodium alkylbenzenesulfonate (R-C6H6-SO3Na) ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri cha anionic surfactant. Chimasungunuka bwino m'madzi ndipo chimakhala pafupifupi ionized kwathunthu. Mchere wake wa calcium ndi magnesium uli ndi kusungunuka kwakukulu m'madzi, kotero chimakhala ndi kukana bwino madzi olimba. Pakati pa alkylbenzenesulfonates, linear alkylbenzene (LAS) ndi yotsika mtengo, imakhala ndi detergent yamphamvu, imatha kuwonongeka mosavuta, ndipo ndi yoteteza chilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, mpaka pano, palibe chinthu china chogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati detergent chomwe chingafanane ndi LAS pankhani ya magwiridwe antchito aukadaulo komanso phindu lazachuma. Imayamikiridwa ndi makampani opanga zotsukira zopangidwa padziko lonse lapansi ngati mphamvu yayikulu ya zotsukira zopangidwa. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati detergent yamafakitale komanso yapakhomo. Zogulitsa zoyimira: Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate ili ndi mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yotsuka, ndipo sodium octadecylbenzenesulfonate ili ndi detergent yamphamvu kwambiri pakati pa mndandanda wa sodium alkylbenzenesulfonate.
1.3α-Olefin Sulfonate (AOS)
AOS ndi mankhwala oyeretsera omwe amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu zotsukira m'manja, shampu, malo osambiramo thovu, sopo wotsukira mbale, zotsukira m'mafakitale, ndi sopo wochapira zovala.
1.4Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES)
R ndi gulu la alkyl, ndipo R' ndi gulu la methyl. Chotsukira chimakhala bwino ngati R ndi C16 ndi C18, ndipo kukana madzi olimba ndikwabwino kwambiri ngati R ndi C14. MES ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi mafuta ndi mafuta achilengedwe, chokhala ndi ntchito yabwino yotsuka komanso mphamvu yamphamvu yotulutsa sopo-calcium. Imagwirizana bwino ndi zeolite ndipo ndi yoyenera kupanga sopo wotsukira wopanda phosphate. Mphamvu yake yotulutsa sopo wa calcium ndi yayikulu kwambiri kuposa ya LAS, kotero ndi yothandiza popanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito sopo wophatikizika ndi sopo wotsukira zovala.
1.5Mafuta Ochuluka Okhala ndi Sulfate (AS) ndi Mafuta Ochuluka Okhala ndi Ether Sulfate (AES)
AS ili ndi fomula yonse ya ROSO3Na, pomwe R ndi C14~C16, ndipo ili ndi detergent yabwino; AES ili ndi fomula yonse ya RO(C2H4O)nSO3Na, pomwe R ndi C14~C15 ndi n=1—2, ndipo ilinso ndi detergent yabwino. AS ndi AES zonse zili ndi biodegradable yabwino, detergent yamphamvu, komanso mphamvu zabwino zopangira thovu. Ndizoyenera kupanga sopo wokhala ndi thovu lambiri. Ndizoyenera zotsukira zosamalira mosavuta kapena zaubweya ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo osambira a thovu, ma shampu, zodzoladzola, sopo wotsukira mbale m'manja, sopo wamasamba, sopo wapakhomo, ndi zina zotero.
2 Ma surfactants osakhala a ionic
Ma surfactants osakhala a ionic ali ndi detergent yabwino yolimbana ndi dothi lamafuta komanso amatha kuletsa ulusi wopangidwa kuti usawonongeke. Ali ndi kukana kwakukulu ku madzi olimba komanso kuchuluka kwa ma electrolyte ambiri. Ubwino waukulu wa ma surfactants osakhala a ionic a polyoxyethylene ndi kusinthasintha kwa zinthu zosagwirizana ndi madzi komanso zokonda madzi. Chiwerengero cha EO chingasinthidwe kuti chigwirizane ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti detergent ikhale yabwino kwambiri.
2.1Polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether
Fomula yonse: RO(C₂H₄O)ₙH, pomwe R = C₁₂~C₁₈ ndi n zimasinthidwa. Mtundu uwu wa mankhwala uli ndi detergent yapamwamba, yomwe imawonekera m'mbali izi: low critical micelle concentration (cmc), zomwe zikutanthauza kuti imakhalabe ndi mphamvu yoyeretsa kwambiri pamlingo wotsika, detergent yamphamvu, komanso mphamvu zotsutsana ndi dothi potsuka ulusi wopangidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi detergent yabwino yotsika kutentha. Ndi phala loyera mpaka lopepuka lachikasu kutentha kwa chipinda. Likasungunuka m'madzi, limakhala ndi emulsifying, kuyeretsa, ndi kunyowetsa. Limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu sopo zapakhomo ndi zamafakitale komanso zotsukira zitsulo.
2.2Polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ether
Mu fomula, R makamaka ndi magulu a octyl, nonyl, ndi dodecyl; n ndi yosinthika. Amadziwika ndi mphamvu yayikulu yochotsa madontho a mafuta ndi mafuta. Zinthu zoyimira zimaphatikizapo mndandanda wa OP, mndandanda wa OPE, ndi mndandanda wa SOPE. Makhalidwe awo akuluakulu ndi kukana kwambiri ma acid, alkali, ndi madzi olimba, ndipo amagwira ntchito ngati sopo, zonyowetsa, zosakaniza zopangira zitsulo, ndi zotsukira mafakitale.
2.3Alkyl Polyglycoside (APG)
Alkyl glycoside imayamikiridwa ngati mtundu watsopano wa mankhwala osakhala a ionic surfactant apamwamba padziko lonse lapansi.
Ubwino wa APG: 1. Kugwira ntchito kwambiri pamwamba ndi mphamvu yochepa kwambiri pamwamba; 2. Palibe malo amtambo ndi kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwambiri; 3. Kuyeretsa bwino kwambiri, mphamvu yamphamvu yotulutsa thovu, kunyowetsa ndi kusakaniza, komanso kukhazikika kwa kufalikira; 4. Kuposa mtundu uliwonse wa surfactant womwe ulipo pankhani ya kusawononga poizoni, kukwiya pang'ono pakhungu, komanso kuwonongeka kwa zinthu. (Ubwino ndi makhalidwe abwino kwambiri).
Chifukwa chake, imakondedwa kwambiri ndi madera ambiri monga makampani ochapira zovala, makampani odzola, makampani opanga chakudya, ndi makampani opanga mankhwala. Komanso, chifukwa cha makhalidwe ake osavuta kutsuka komanso osasiya madontho, ndi yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati sopo wothira patebulo, chotsukira mabotolo, ndi zina zotero.
APG imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati sopo wothira madzi m'njira zotsatirazi:
Zotsukira tsitsi ndi bafa: Zopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito APG ndi zofewa komanso zosakwiyitsa khungu, zokhala ndi thovu lolemera komanso losalala. Zingathenso kukhala ndi mphamvu yoletsa kutentha thupi zikagwiritsidwa ntchito potsuka tsitsi. Zambiri mwa zinthuzi ndi zamadzimadzi, koma zimathanso kupangidwa kukhala sopo. Zotsukira tsitsi: Zotsukira tsitsi zopangidwa kuchokera ku APG zimakhala ndi mphamvu yabwino yotulutsa thovu, zimakhala zofewa pakhungu, zimasiya manja abwino akagwiritsidwa ntchito, zimakhala zosavuta kutsuka, ndipo sizisiya zizindikiro zilizonse.
Sopo wochapira zovala: APG imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu sopo wochapira zovala ndipo ili ndi sopo wabwino kwambiri. Ingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyeretsa nsalu zosiyanasiyana (monga thonje, ubweya, polyester, ndi zina zotero). Imatha kuchotsa bwino dothi ndi madontho a mafuta. Nthawi yomweyo, ili ndi zofewa, zoteteza kutentha, komanso zoletsa kufooka. Ndipo ikhoza kupangidwa kukhala sopo wochapira zovala zomwe zimakhalabe ndi sopo wabwino kwambiri zikagwiritsidwa ntchito m'madzi olimba.
Kuyeretsa malo olimba: Kuwonjezera pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito potsuka mbale, APG ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito poyeretsa mitundu ina ya malo olimba. Zotsukira pansi pa asidi wamphamvu zimatha kupangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito APG ngati gawo logwira ntchito. APG mmenemo ilinso ndi ntchito yoletsa zitsulo zachitsulo kuti zisawonongeke ndi kuwonongedwa ndi ma acid.
Kapangidwe kake ka mamolekyulu kamakhala ndi mphamvu zabwino komanso zoipa. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake ka mamolekyulu, kali ndi makhalidwe otsatirawa akamagwiritsidwa ntchito: poizoni wochepa komanso kukwiya kochepa pakhungu ndi maso; kuwonongeka kwabwino kwachilengedwe komanso kugwirizana; kunyowa bwino, kuyeretsa, komanso kutulutsa thovu. Pali mitundu iyi ikagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati sopo.
3.1Mtundu wa N-acyl amino acid
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati maziko a shampu ndi zotsukira. Amatha kupirira asidi ofooka ndi madzi olimba. Ali ndi kuyabwa kochepa komanso poizoni wochepa, ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito mu zodzoladzola. Ali ndi mphamvu yotulutsa sopo ya calcium, chotsukira, komanso mphamvu yotulutsa emulsifier. Mu makampani opanga nsalu, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati sopo wothira ndi chotsukira emulsifier, ndipo ndi oyenera kutsuka silika ndi ubweya chifukwa cha mphamvu yake yotsika yochotsa mafuta.
Ma surfactants a mtundu wa Betaine otchedwa zwitterionic ali ndi detergent yabwino pa nsalu za thonje ndi nsalu zosakanikirana ndi polyester/thonje, makamaka hydroxyl sulfobetaine, yomwe ili ndi ubwino wambiri pakutsuka. Mwachitsanzo: dodecyl dimethyl betaine ndi madzi opanda mtundu kapena achikasu owala owonekera. Ndi cationic mu acidic media ndi anionic mu alkaline media. Amawonongeka mosavuta. Mankhwalawa ali ndi mphamvu zabwino kwambiri zotulutsa thovu, amatha kupangitsa tsitsi kukhala lofewa, ndipo ndi oyenera kupanga ma shampu osakwiyitsa omwe amawongolera tsitsi, ma shampu a ana, ndi zina zotero. Chifukwa cha kukana kwake madzi olimba, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza sopo wamadzi olimba. Angagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati fungicide.
Nthawi yotumizira: Marichi-17-2026