Njira yogwirira ntchito ya solubilizers ya surfactant ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kusungunuka

Mu gawo la chemistry, mankhwala ena achilengedwe, chifukwa cha makhalidwe awo osasungunuka kapena osungunuka pang'ono m'madzi, amabweretsa zovuta zambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito. Komabe, pamene mankhwala achilengedwe awa amakhala pamodzi ndi ma surfactants, kusungunuka kwawo kumawonjezeka kwambiri, chinthu chodziwika kuti solubilization. Ma surfactants amagwira ntchito ngati solubilizers mu njirayi, pomwe mankhwala achilengedwe omwe akusungunuka amatchedwa solubilizates. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza momwe solubilization imagwirira ntchito komanso zinthu zomwe zimakhudza.

1. Njira yosungunula

Kupezeka kwa kusungunuka kwa madzi kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi makhalidwe a ma surfactants. Mayesero asonyeza kuti pamene kuchuluka kwa ma surfactants kuli kotsika kuposa kuchuluka kwa critical micelle (CMC), kusungunuka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe sikusintha kwambiri; komabe, pamene kuchuluka kwa madziwo kukuposa CMC, kusungunuka kumawonjezeka kwambiri. Izi zili choncho chifukwa pa kuchuluka kumeneku, ma surfactants amayamba kupanga ma micelles, ndipo kusungunuka kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kupangika kwa ma micelles.

Kutengera ndi malo a chinthu chosungunuka mu micelle, pali njira zinayi zosungunula:

①Kusungunuka mkati mwa micelle: Njira iyi ndi yoyenera zinthu zosavuta za hydrocarbon zomwe sizili polar, monga benzene, ethylbenzene, ndi n-heptane. Zimasungunuka mosavuta mkati mwa micelle chifukwa mkati mwa micelle mutha kuonedwa ngati hydrocarbon compound yeniyeni, yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi zinthuzi.

②Kusungunuka mu micelle palisade layer: Pa zinthu zachilengedwe za polar monga ma alcohols ndi ma acids a unyolo wautali, zimagawidwa mosiyanasiyana komanso mofanana ndi mamolekyu a surfactant. Zigawo zomwe sizili polar zimagwirizana ndi magulu a hydrophobic a ma surfactants kudzera mu mphamvu za van der Waals, pomwe zigawo za polar zimalumikizidwa ndi magulu a hydrophilic a ma surfactants kudzera mu mphamvu za van der Waals ndi ma hydrogen bond.

③Kusungunuka pamwamba pa micelle: Zinthu zazikulu, utoto, ndi zina zotero, zidzamizidwa pamwamba pa micelle ndikukhazikika kudzera mu mphamvu zapakati pa mamolekyulu a van der Waals kapena ma hydrogen bond, motero zimawonjezera kusungunuka kwawo m'madzi. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa kusungunuka pogwiritsa ntchito njira iyi ndi kochepa.

④Kusungunuka pakati pa unyolo wa polyoxyethylene: Kwa ma surfactants amtundu wa polyoxyethylene, chifukwa cha unyolo wautali wa molekyulu wa gawo lawo la hydrophilic, nthawi zambiri amakhala opindika. Zinthu zachilengedwe zimatha kukulungidwa mkati ndikukodwa ndi unyolo wa polyoxyethylene wa hydrophilic. Njirayi ili ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa kusungunuka.

Njira zinayi izi zosungunula zonse zimatsatira mfundo ya kusungunuka kwa zinthu ngati zofanana, ndipo dongosolo la kuchuluka kwa kusungunuka kuyambira kwakukulu mpaka kakang'ono ndi: kusungunuka pakati pa unyolo wa polyoxyethylene > kusungunuka mu micelle palisade layer > kusungunuka mkati mwa micelle > kusungunuka pamwamba pa micelle.

Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti ngakhale kusungunuka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe m'madzi kumawonjezeka chifukwa cha kusungunuka, mawonekedwe a yankho sasintha kwambiri. Izi zili choncho chifukwa mamolekyu achilengedwe amatha kupanga tinthu tating'onoting'ono tambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chiwerengero cha tinthu tating'onoting'ono tisawonjezeke kwambiri. Izi zimatsimikiziranso mwachindunji momwe ma micelles amamangirirana komanso kugwirizana kwa mamolekyulu ambiri achilengedwe kumakhudzirana.

2. Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kusungunuka kwa madzi

Kusungunuka sikungogwirizana ndi kupezeka kwa micelles kokha komanso kumakhudzidwa ndi makhalidwe enieni a solubilizer ndi chinthu chosungunuka. Kuphatikiza apo, chinthu chilichonse chomwe chingakhudze CMC ya ma surfactants chidzakhudzanso kusungunuka.

Chosungunulira (chosungunulira)

Kuchuluka kwa madzi: Pamene madzi a surfactant akuchulukirachulukira, kuchuluka kwa ma micelles kumawonjezeka ndipo kuchuluka kwa mgwirizano wa ma micelles kumawonjezeka, zomwe zimathandiza kuti azitha kuyanjana ndi ma solubilizates ambiri.

Kapangidwe ka mamolekyu: Utali wa unyolo wa hydrocarbon womwe umathiridwa ndi madzi, mphamvu yake yosungunula imakhala yolimba; kwa ma surfactants omwe ali ndi gulu lomwelo la hydrophilic, utali wa unyolo wa hydrocarbon womwe umathiridwa ndi madzi, CMC yawo imakhala yochepa ndipo mphamvu yake yosungunula imakhala yolimba. Kuphatikiza apo, mphamvu ya kusungunula ya ma surfactants omwe si a ionic nthawi zambiri imakhala yolimba kuposa ya ma surfactants a ionic.

Sungunulani

Kawirikawiri, polarity ya chinthu chosungunuka ikakula, mphamvu ya kusungunuka imakulanso. Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa chakuti zinthu zosungunuka polar zimakhala ndi mwayi wolumikizana ndi magulu okonda madzi pamwamba pa micelles kudzera mu ma hydrogen bonds ndi mphamvu za van der Waals. Nthawi yomweyo, ziwalo zawo zomwe sizili polar zimakondanso kuyanjana ndi magulu okonda madzi a surfactants.

Kutentha

Kwa ma ionic surfactants, kukwera kwa kutentha kumawonjezera mphamvu yawo yosungunula. Izi zili choncho chifukwa kukwera kwa kutentha kumawonjezera CMC, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma surfactants ambiri asungunuke mu yankho ndikupanga ma micelles ambiri.

Kwa ma surfactants a nonionic amtundu wa polyoxyethylene, mphamvu yosungunula imawonjezekanso ndi kutentha komwe kukukwera. Komabe, kutentha kukafika kapena kupitirira pamene mitambo yafika, mphamvu yosungunula imachepa.

Electrolyte

Kuonjezera ma electrolyte kungathandize kusungunula mphamvu ya ma ionic surfactants a ma hydrocarbon koma kumachepetsa mphamvu yawo yosungunula mphamvu ya zinthu za polar. Izi zili choncho chifukwa ma electrolyte amachepetsa mphamvu yamagetsi ya magulu a hydrophilic, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magulu a hydrophilic akhale ochepa kwambiri, zomwe sizingalimbikitse kuyika ma polar solubilizates.

Kwa ma surfactants omwe si a ionic, kuwonjezera ma electrolyte kungathandize kusungunula mphamvu zawo. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha mchere womwe umatuluka, womwe umachepetsa kuletsa madzi pa mamolekyu a surfactant, umawonjezera kuyenda kwawo, komanso zimapangitsa kuti ma micelles apangidwe mosavuta.

Kusungunuka ndi chinthu chovuta chomwe chimakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Mwa kumvetsetsa bwino zinthuzi ndi njira zomwe zimagwirira ntchito limodzi, titha kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kusungunuka kuti tiwongolere njira zamakemikolo ndi magwiridwe antchito azinthu.