Kodi ma biosurfactants amagwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji mu uinjiniya wa zachilengedwe?

Ma surfactants ambiri opangidwa ndi mankhwala amawononga chilengedwe chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwawo, poizoni, komanso chizolowezi chawo chodziunjikira m'zachilengedwe. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ma surfactants achilengedwe—omwe amadziwika kuti ndi osavuta kuwonongeka komanso osawononga zachilengedwe—ndi abwino kwambiri poletsa kuipitsa chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, amatha kugwira ntchito ngati osonkhanitsa madzi oyandama m'njira zoyeretsera madzi akuda, kumamatira pa tinthu ta colloidal tomwe timayaka kuti tichotse ayoni achitsulo chapoizoni, kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzanso malo oipitsidwa ndi mankhwala achilengedwe ndi zitsulo zolemera.

1. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Njira Zotsukira Madzi Otayidwa​

Pochiza madzi otayidwa mwachilengedwe, ma ayoni a zitsulo zolemera nthawi zambiri amaletsa kapena kuwononga mabakiteriya m'malo otayira omwe ali ndi matope. Chifukwa chake, kuchiza pasadakhale ndikofunikira kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito njira zachilengedwe pochiza madzi otayidwa okhala ndi ma ayoni a zitsulo zolemera. Pakadali pano, njira yothira hydroxide imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochotsa ma ayoni a zitsulo zolemera m'madzi otayidwa, koma mphamvu yake yothira imachepetsedwa ndi kusungunuka kwa ma hydroxide, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zotsatira zabwino kwambiri. Njira zothira madzi, kumbali ina, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zosonkhanitsa madzi otayidwa (monga sodium dodecyl sulfate yopangidwa ndi mankhwala) zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuziwononga m'magawo otsatira a chithandizo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuipitsa kwachiwiri. Chifukwa chake, pakufunika kupanga njira zina zomwe zimawonongeka mosavuta komanso zopanda poizoni - ndipo ma surfactants achilengedwe ali ndi zabwino izi.

2. Kugwiritsa Ntchito mu Bioremediation​

Pogwiritsa ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuti tichepetse kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zodetsa zachilengedwe ndikuchotsa zinthu zodetsa, zinthu zoyeretsera zachilengedwe zimapereka mwayi waukulu wokonzanso malo odetsedwa ndi zachilengedwe. Izi zili choncho chifukwa zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji kuchokera ku msuzi wophika, kuchotsa ndalama zokhudzana ndi kulekanitsa, kuchotsa, ndi kuyeretsa zinthu.

2.1 Kupititsa patsogolo Kuwonongeka kwa Alkanes​

Ma alkanes ndi zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimapezeka mu mafuta. Pa nthawi yofufuza mafuta, kuchotsa, kunyamula, kukonza, ndi kusunga, mafuta otuluka m'nthaka amadetsa nthaka ndi madzi apansi panthaka. Kuti achepetse kuwonongeka kwa alkane mwachangu, kuwonjezera zinthu zoyambitsa matenda a zamoyo kungathandize kuti zinthu zotsutsana ndi madzi zisamawonongeke komanso kuti ziwonongeke, kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, motero kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa alkanes.

2.2 Kuonjezera Kuwonongeka kwa Ma Hydrocarbon a Polycyclic Aromatic (PAHs)pa

Ma PAH atchuka kwambiri chifukwa cha "zotsatira zake zitatu zomwe zimayambitsa khansa" (zoyambitsa khansa, zoyambitsa matenda, ndi zoyambitsa kusintha kwa maselo). Mayiko ambiri awaika m'gulu la zinthu zodetsa nkhawa kwambiri. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndiyo njira yayikulu yochotsera ma PAH m'chilengedwe, ndipo kuwonongeka kwawo kumachepa pamene kuchuluka kwa mphete za benzene kukuwonjezeka: Ma PAH okhala ndi mphete zitatu kapena zochepa amawonongeka mosavuta, pomwe omwe ali ndi mphete zinayi kapena kuposerapo ndi ovuta kuwawononga.

2.3 Kuchotsa Zitsulo Zoopsa​

Njira yoipitsa ya zitsulo zolemera zapoizoni m'nthaka imadziwika ndi kubisala, kukhazikika, komanso kusasinthika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kukonzanso nthaka yoipitsidwa ndi zitsulo zolemera kukhale kafukufuku wa nthawi yayitali m'maphunziro apamwamba. Njira zamakono zochotsera zitsulo zolemera m'nthaka zikuphatikizapo kuipitsa, kuimitsa/kuikhazikitsa, ndi kuipitsa kutentha. Ngakhale kuti kuipitsa kutentha n'kotheka, kumaphatikizapo ntchito yaikulu ya uinjiniya komanso ndalama zambiri. Njira zoipitsa zimatha kusinthidwa, zomwe zimafuna kuyang'anira nthawi zonse momwe chithandizo chimagwirira ntchito pambuyo poigwiritsa ntchito. Kuchiza kutentha kumayenera kokha zitsulo zolemera zosinthasintha (monga mercury). Zotsatira zake, njira zochizira zamoyo zotsika mtengo zakula mofulumira. M'zaka zaposachedwa, ofufuza ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe zopanda poizoni kuti achotse nthaka yoipitsidwa ndi zitsulo zolemera.