Pa nthawi yopanga mafakitale, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zonyansa, monga kuphika, zotsalira za mafuta, sikelo, zinyalala, ndi zotsalira zowononga, zimasonkhana m'zida ndi mapaipi a makina opangira. Zinthuzi nthawi zambiri zimapangitsa kuti zida ndi mapaipi alephere kugwira ntchito bwino, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya makina opangira, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri, komanso nthawi zina, ngakhale zinthu zoopsa kwambiri.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, chifukwa cha kukula kwachangu kwa mafakitale atsopano opanga zinthu, kuipitsidwa kwatsopano kwa mafakitale kwakhala kukuchitika nthawi zonse, ndipo mapangidwe ake a mamolekyu akhala ovuta kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, njira zomangira ndi mawonekedwe pakati pa kuipitsidwa kwa mafakitale ndi zolinga zosiyanasiyana zoyeretsera nthawi zambiri zimadalira mtundu wa kuipitsidwa komanso kapangidwe kake ndi mawonekedwe a pamwamba pa zinthu zomwe zikuyeretsedwa. Chifukwa cha zofunikira zoteteza chilengedwe, pali kufunikira kwakukulu kwa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe komanso kusawononga poizoni wa mankhwala, zomwe nthawi zonse zimayambitsa mavuto atsopano paukadaulo woyeretsa mankhwala.
Kuyeretsa mankhwala ndi ukadaulo wokwanira wophatikizapo kuphunzira za kupangika kwa zinthu zodetsa ndi makhalidwe ake, kusankha ndi kupanga zinthu zotsukira ndi zowonjezera, kusankha zinthu zoletsa dzimbiri, njira zotsukira, kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zotsukira, ukadaulo wowunikira panthawi yoyeretsa, ndi kukonza madzi otayira, pakati pa zina. Pakati pa izi, kusankha zinthu zotsukira ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimatsimikizira kupambana kwa ntchito zotsukira, chifukwa zimakhudza mwachindunji magwiridwe antchito oyeretsa, kuchuluka kwa kuyeretsa, kuchuluka kwa dzimbiri, komanso phindu lazachuma la zidazo.
Zotsukira makamaka zimakhala ndi zigawo zitatu zazikulu: chotsukira chachikulu, zoletsa dzimbiri, ndi zoyambitsa dzimbiri. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake ka mamolekyu, komwe kali ndi magulu okonda madzi ndi madzi, zoyambitsa madzi zimagwira ntchito poyamwa, kulowa, kusakaniza, kusungunuka, ndi kutsuka panthawi yoyeretsa mankhwala. Sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito kokha ngati zothandizira komanso zimaonedwa kuti ndi zigawo zofunika kwambiri, makamaka panjira monga kuyeretsa asidi, kuyeretsa kwa alkaline, kuletsa dzimbiri, kuchotsa mafuta, ndi kuyeretsa, komwe zikuwonetsa kwambiri mphamvu zake zazikulu.
Chotsukira chachikulu, zoletsa dzimbiri, ndi ma surfactants ndi zinthu zitatu zazikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeretsa mankhwala. Kapangidwe ka mankhwala kapadera ka ma surfactants kamatsimikizira kuti, akasungunuka mu yankho lamadzimadzi, amachepetsa kwambiri mphamvu ya pamwamba pa yankho, motero amawonjezera mphamvu yake yonyowetsa. Makamaka pamene kuchuluka kwa ma surfactants mu yankho kufika pa kuchuluka kwa micelle (CMC), kusintha kwakukulu kumachitika mu mphamvu ya pamwamba ya yankho, kuthamanga kwa osmotic, kukhuthala, ndi mawonekedwe.
Zotsatira za ma surfactants zonyowetsa, kulowa, kufalitsa, kusakaniza, ndi kusungunula mu njira zoyeretsera mankhwala zimapeza zotsatira ziwiri kuposa theka la khama. Mwachidule, ma surfactants mu kuyeretsa mankhwala amagwira ntchito ziwiri: choyamba, amawonjezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zonyansa zomwe sizisungunuka bwino kudzera mu kusungunuka kwa ma micelles, komwe kumadziwika kuti kusungunuka; chachiwiri, chifukwa cha magulu awo a amphiphilic, ma surfactants amanyowa kapena kusonkhana pakati pa mafuta ndi madzi, kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwa nkhope.
Posankha ma surfactants, chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kuperekedwa ku makhalidwe a chotsukira, zoletsa dzimbiri, ndi ma surfactants, komanso kugwirizana kwa momwe amagwirira ntchito.
Nthawi yotumizira: Ogasiti-28-2025