Kodi ma surfactants amagwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji mu gawo la mafuta?

Malinga ndi njira yogawa mankhwala a m'munda wamafuta, zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito m'munda wamafuta zimatha kugawidwa m'magulu ogwiritsira ntchito zinthu zobowola, zinthu zopangidwira kupanga, zinthu zowongolera mafuta, zinthu zosonkhanitsa/zonyamula mafuta ndi gasi, ndi zinthu zoyeretsera madzi.

 

Zopopera Zobowola​

 

Pakati pa zinthu zoyeretsera mafuta m'munda wamafuta, zinthu zoyeretsera mafuta m'munda wamafuta (kuphatikizapo zinthu zowonjezera zamadzimadzi obowola ndi zowonjezera za simenti) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri—pafupifupi 60% ya zinthu zonse zoyeretsera mafuta m'munda wamafuta zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zinthu zoyeretsera mafuta m'munda wamafuta, ngakhale kuti ndi zochepa, ndi zapamwamba kwambiri paukadaulo, zomwe zimapanga pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a zonse. Magulu awiriwa ndi ofunikira kwambiri pa ntchito zoyeretsera mafuta m'munda wamafuta.

Ku China, kafukufuku akuyang'ana kwambiri madera awiri akuluakulu: kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zipangizo zakale ndikupanga ma polima atsopano opangidwa (kuphatikizapo ma monomers). Padziko lonse lapansi, kafukufuku wowonjezera wamadzimadzi obowola ndi wapadera kwambiri, akugogomezera ma polima opangidwa ndi gulu la sulfonic acid ngati maziko a zinthu zosiyanasiyana—njira yomwe ingasinthe chitukuko chamtsogolo. Kupita patsogolo kwachitika mu zochepetsera kukhuthala, zowongolera kutayika kwa madzi, ndi mafuta. Chodziwika bwino n'chakuti, m'zaka zaposachedwa, ma surfactants a polymeric alcohol okhala ndi zotsatira za cloud point agwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale amafuta am'nyumba, ndikupanga mndandanda wa machitidwe amadzimadzi obowola mowa a polymeric. Kuphatikiza apo, methyl glucoside ndi madzi obowola okhala ndi glycerin awonetsa zotsatira zabwino zogwiritsidwa ntchito m'munda, zomwe zikupititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha ma surfactants obowola. Pakadali pano, zowonjezera zamadzimadzi obowola ku China zimaphatikizapo magulu 18 okhala ndi mitundu yoposa chikwi, ndipo kugwiritsidwa ntchito pachaka kuli pafupifupi matani 300,000.

 

Zopangira ...​

 

Poyerekeza ndi ma surfactants obowola, ma surfactants opanga ndi ochepa komanso ochepa, makamaka omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga asidi ndi kusweka. Popanga ma surfactants osweka, kafukufuku wokhudza ma gelling agents amayang'ana kwambiri pa chingamu chachilengedwe cha zomera ndi cellulose, pamodzi ndi ma polima opangidwa monga polyacrylamide. M'zaka zaposachedwa, kupita patsogolo kwapadziko lonse lapansi pakupanga acidity surfactants kwakhala pang'onopang'ono, ndipo kugogomezera kwa R&D kukusintha kupita kuzoletsa dzimbirikuti pakhale asidi. Zoletsa izi nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa mwa kusintha kapena kusakaniza zinthu zomwe zilipo kale, ndi cholinga chimodzi chotsimikizira kuti palibe poizoni wambiri kapena wosakhalapo komanso kuti mafuta/madzi asungunuke kapena kuti madzi asatayike. Zoletsa zosakaniza zochokera ku amine, quaternary ammonium, ndi alkyne alcohol ndizofala, pomwe zoletsa zochokera ku aldehyde zatsika chifukwa cha nkhawa za poizoni. Zinthu zina zatsopano zimaphatikizapo dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid complexes yokhala ndi ma amine otsika-molecular-weight (monga ethylamine, propylamine, C8–18 primary amines, oleic diethanolamide), ndi acid-in-oil emulsifiers. Ku China, kafukufuku wa ma surfactants a fracturing ndi acidizing fluids wachedwa, ndipo kupita patsogolo kochepa kupitirira zoletsa dzimbiri. Pakati pa zinthu zomwe zilipo, mankhwala ochokera ku amine (primary, secondary, tertiary, kapena quaternary amide ndi zosakaniza zawo) ndi omwe amalamulira, kutsatiridwa ndi imidazoline derivatives ngati gulu lina lalikulu la zoletsa dzimbiri za organic.

 

Zosonkhanitsa/Zoyendera Mafuta ndi Gasi​

 

Kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha ma surfactants osonkhanitsira/kunyamula mafuta ndi gasi ku China chinayamba m'ma 1960. Masiku ano, pali magulu 14 okhala ndi zinthu zambirimbiri. Ma demulsifier a mafuta osaphikidwa ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ndipo pachaka amafunika matani pafupifupi 20,000. China yapanga ma demulsifiers opangidwa mwaluso m'magawo osiyanasiyana amafuta, ambiri mwa iwo akukwaniritsa miyezo yapadziko lonse ya m'ma 1990. Komabe, ma pour point depressants, ma flow improvers, ma viscosity reduction, ndi ma wax removal/protection agents akadali ochepa, makamaka zinthu zosakanikirana. Zofunikira zosiyanasiyana za mafuta osaphikidwa osiyanasiyana a ma surfactants awa zimakhala zovuta komanso zimafuna zambiri pakupanga zinthu zatsopano.

 

Mafuta Othandizira Kuchiza Madzi a Oilfield​

 

Mankhwala oyeretsera madzi ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakupanga malo oyeretsera mafuta, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pachaka opitirira matani 60,000—pafupifupi 40% mwa iwo ndi ma surfactants. Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri akufunafuna, kafukufuku wokhudza ma surfactants oyeretsera madzi ku China sikokwanira, ndipo mitundu ya zinthuzo siili yokwanira. Zinthu zambiri zimasinthidwa kuchokera ku njira yoyeretsera madzi m'mafakitale, koma chifukwa cha zovuta za madzi am'malo oyeretsera mafuta, kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo nthawi zambiri kumakhala koipa, nthawi zina sikupereka zotsatira zomwe amayembekezera. Padziko lonse lapansi, njira yoyeretsera madzi m'malo oyeretsera mafuta ndiyo gawo lofunika kwambiri pa kafukufuku wa ma surfactants oyeretsera madzi, zomwe zimapanga zinthu zambiri, ngakhale zochepa zomwe zapangidwira makamaka njira yoyeretsera madzi otayira m'malo oyeretsera mafuta.