1. Imiti ikoreshwa mu gupima imvune
Ingamba zo gucikamo ibice akenshi zikoreshwa mu bibanza bya peteroli bidapfa kwinjira neza. Zikubiyemo gukoresha igitutu kugira ngo imvune zivune, zigatuma habaho imiyoboro, hanyuma zigashyiraho imiyoboro ikoresha ibikoresho bifasha mu kugabanya umuvuduko w'amazi, bityo zikagera ku ntego yo kongera umusaruro no gutera. Amwe mu mazi afasha mu gucikamo ibice akorwa hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bifasha mu gukamura ibice nk'imwe mu bigize ibyo bikoresho.
Amavuta yo gushwanyaguza amavuta ava mu mazi akozwe mu mazi, amavuta, n'ibindi bigabanya ubushyuhe. Ibi bishwanyaguza bikoreshwa birimo ibya surfactants bya ionic, bitari ionic, na amphoteric. Iyo amazi akomeye akoreshejwe nk'igice cyo hanze n'amavuta nk'igice cyo imbere, hashobora gutegurwa amazi akomeye yo gushwanyaguza amavuta ava mu mazi (polymer emulsion). Ubwo bwoko bw'amazi yo gushwanyaguza bushobora gukoreshwa ku bushyuhe buri munsi ya 160°C kandi bushobora gukuramo amazi mu buryo bwikora no kuyasohora.
Amavuta ashongesha ifuro ni ayo afite amazi nk'uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza na gaze nk'uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza. Ibice byayo by'ingenzi ni amazi, gaze, n'ibikoresho bitanga ifuro. Alkili sulfonates, alkili benzene sulfonates, alkili sulfate esters, umunyu wa ammonium wa quaternary, na surfactants zo mu bwoko bwa OP byose bishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho bitanga ifuro. Ubusanzwe ingano y'ibikoresho bitanga ifuro mu mazi ni 0.5–2%, kandi igipimo cy'ingano y'ingufu ku ngano y'ifuro kiri hagati ya 0.5 na 0.9.
Amavuta yo gushwanyaguza ashingiye kuri peteroli akorwa hakoreshejwe amavuta nk'uburyo bwo gushonga cyangwa uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza. Amavuta akoreshwa cyane mu murima ni peteroli isanzwe cyangwa ibice byayo biremereye. Kugira ngo yongere imikorere yayo mu bushyuhe n'ubushyuhe, hagomba kongerwamo sulfonates za peteroli zishongeshwa na peteroli (zifite uburemere bwa molekile 300–750). Amavuta yo gushwanyaguza ashingiye kuri peteroli arimo kandi amazi yo gushwanyaguza amavuta n'amazi yo gushwanyaguza ifuro ry'amavuta. Iya mbere ikoresha surfactants za anionic zishongeshwa na peteroli, surfactants za cationic, na surfactants zitari ionic nk'ibintu bigabanya ubushyuhe, mu gihe iya kabiri ikoresha surfactants za polymeric zirimo fluorine nk'ibintu bigabanya ubushyuhe.
Amazi yo gushwanyaguza imiterere y’amazi ni emulsion cyangwa ifuro byakozwe hakoreshejwe uruvange rwa alcool (nka ethylene glycol) n’amavuta (nka perosene) nk’uburyo bwo gushwanyaguza, dioxyde de carbone nk’uburyo bwo gushwanyaguza, na ethers za polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol za sulfate nk’ibintu bigabanya cyangwa bitanga ifuro, bikoreshwa mu gushwanyaguza imiterere y’amazi.
Amavuta yo gushwanyaguza akoreshwa mu gushwanyaguza aside akoreshwa mu gushwanyaguza aside n'amazi yo gushwanyaguza aside, akoreshwa mu miterere ya karubone aho ingamba zombi zikorerwa icyarimwe. Izijyanye n'ibintu bikoreshwa mu gushwanyaguza harimo ifuro rya aside na emulsions za aside; iya mbere ikoresha alkyl sulfonates cyangwa alkyl benzene sulfonates nk'ibintu bitanga ifuro, mu gihe iya kabiri ikoresha ibintu bikoreshwa mu gushwanyaguza aside nk'ibintu bitanga ifuro.
Kimwe n'amazi atera aside, amazi atuma ibintu bicikagurika akoresha imiti igabanya ubushyuhe, imiti yongera ubushyuhe, n'imiti ihindura ubushyuhe, ibyo bitazasobanurwa hano.
2. Imiti ikoreshwa mu kugenzura imiterere y'amazi no kuyafunga
Kugira ngo hongerwe imikorere myiza y’amazi aturuka ku myuzure no kugabanya umuvuduko wo kwiyongera kw’amazi akomoka kuri peteroli, ni ngombwa guhindura imiterere y’amazi mu byuma bishyirwamo inshinge no gufata ingamba zo kuziba amazi mu byuma bikorerwamo kugira ngo hongerwe umusaruro. Bumwe muri ubu buryo bwo kugenzura imiterere n’amazi akenshi bukoresha ibintu bimwe na bimwe bikoreshwa mu gufunga. Umuti ukoreshwa mu kugenzura imiterere ya gel ya HPC/SDS utegurwa uvanze hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) na sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) mu mazi meza. Sodium alkyl sulfonate na alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride bishongeshwa mu mazi kugira ngo bitegure amazi abiri akora, ashyirwa mu buryo bukurikiranye. Amazi abiri akora ahura mu buryo butuma alkyl sulfite ya alkyl trimethyl amine, ibuza urwego rworoshye kwinjiramo. Polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, alkyl aryl sulfonate, nibindi, bishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibintu bitanga ifuro. Bishongeshwa mu mazi kugira ngo bitegure amazi akora, hanyuma bigashyirwa mu buryo busimburana hamwe n’amazi akora ya dioxyde de carbone. Ibi birema ifuro mu miterere yaryo (cyane cyane mu bice bipima ubushobozi bwo kwinjira cyane), bigatera kuziba no kugera ku ngaruka zo kugenzura imiterere yaryo. Surfactant yo mu bwoko bwa ammonium salt-type quaternary nk'ikintu gitanga ifuro ishongeshwa mu sol ya aside silicike yakozwe muri ammonium sulfate n'ikirahure cy'amazi hanyuma igashyirwa mu miterere yaryo, hagakurikiraho gutera gaze idahindagurika (gaze karemano cyangwa gaze ya chlorine). Iyi ibanza gukora ifuro irimo amazi nk'uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza mu miterere yaryo, hanyuma hagakurikiraho gaze ya aside silicike sol, bigatuma ifuro ifite imbaraga nk'uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza, ibuza ibice bipima ubushobozi bwo kwinjira cyane kandi ikagera ku miterere yaryo. Hakoreshejwe surfactants zo mu bwoko bwa sulfonate nk'ibintu bitanga ifuro n'ibintu byinshi bya molekile nk'ibintu bikomeza ifuro no gushimangira ifuro, hanyuma hagashyirwamo gaze cyangwa ibintu bitanga ifuro, ifuro rishingiye ku mazi rikorwa hejuru cyangwa mu miterere yaryo. Mu gice cy'amavuta, surfactant nyinshi yimukira ku gice cy'amazi n'amavuta, bigatera ifuro kwangirika, bityo ntiziba urwego rw'amavuta kandi ni ikintu gihitamo gifunga amazi mu masoko y'amavuta. Igikoresho cyo gufunga amazi gishingiye kuri sima gikozwe muri peteroli ni sima ishyirwa muri peteroli. Ubuso bwa sima burakunda amazi. Iyo yinjiye mu gice gitanga amazi, amazi asimbura amavuta ku buso bwa sima maze agahura na sima, bigatuma sima ikomera kandi igafunga urwego rutanga amazi. Kugira ngo iyi mashini yo gufunga irusheho kugenda neza, hakunze kongerwamo ibintu bikozwe mu bwoko bwa karubokisilate na sulfonate. Igikoresho cyo gufunga amazi gishingiye kuri micellar gikozwe mu mazi ni umuti wa micellar ugizwe ahanini na ammonium peteroli sulfonate, hydrocarbons, alcohols, nibindi. Iyo ihuye n'amazi menshi y'umunyu mu mikorere yayo, ishobora kuba ndende kugira ngo igere ku ngaruka zo gufunga amazi. Ibikoresho byo gufunga amazi bishingiye ku mazi cyangwa amavuta, bigizwe ahanini na alkyl carboxylate na alkyl ammonium chloride surfactants, bikoreshwa gusa mu miterere y'amabuye y'umucanga. Igikoresho cyo gufunga amazi gikomeye gikozwe mu mavuta ni amavuta akomeye ashongeshejwe hamwe n'ibice bivanga amazi mu mavuta. Iyo ihuye n'amazi mu buryo bw'ibumba, ikora emulsion y'amazi mu mavuta ifite ubukana bwinshi kugira ngo igere ku ntego yo gufunga amazi. Ikoreshwa mu gufunga amavuta mu mazi rikorwa hakoreshejwe emulsion y'amavuta menshi mu mazi hakoreshejwe cationic surfactants nk'inyunganizi mu mazi mu mavuta.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mutarama-08-2026