1. Igitekerezo cyo kuzenguruka kw'isi
Flotation, izwi kandi nka flotation beneficiation, ni ikoranabuhanga ritunganya amabuye y'agaciro ritandukanya amabuye y'agaciro y'ingirakamaro n'amabuye y'agaciro ya gangue ku gice cy'ubuso cya gaze-liquid-solid phase interface hakoreshejwe itandukaniro mu miterere y'ubuso bw'amabuye y'agaciro atandukanye mu mabuye y'agaciro, kandi ryitwa kandi "interface separation". Inzira zose z'ikoranabuhanga zikoresha mu buryo butaziguye cyangwa butaziguye interfaces za phase kugira ngo zigere ku gutandukana kw'uduce dushingiye ku itandukaniro mu miterere y'ubuso bw'uduce dutandukanye tw'amabuye y'agaciro zitwa flotation.
Imiterere y'ubuso bw'amabuye y'agaciro yerekeza ku miterere ifatika, iy'imiti n'indi miterere y'ubuso bw'uduce tw'amabuye y'agaciro, nko kumenyera ubushuhe bw'ubuso, imiterere y'amashanyarazi yo hejuru, amoko, ubwinshi, n'imikorere y'imigozi ya shimi ya atome zo hejuru, n'ibindi. Uduce dutandukanye tw'amabuye y'agaciro dufite itandukaniro mu miterere y'ubuso. Mu gukoresha iri tandukaniro mu miterere y'uduce tw'ubuso, gutandukanya no kongera ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro bishobora kugerwaho hifashishijwe imiyoboro y'ibyiciro. Kubwibyo, inzira yo kuzenguruka ikubiyemo imiyoboro y'ibyiciro bitatu ya gaze-liquid-solid.
Imiterere y'ubuso bw'amabuye y'agaciro ishobora guhinduka binyuze mu buryo bw'ubukorano, hagamijwe kongera itandukaniro ry'ubuso hagati y'amabuye y'agaciro afite akamaro n'uduce twa gangue mineral kugira ngo byorohereze gutandukana kwabyo. Mu gihe cyo kuzura, ibipimo by'ubukonje bikoreshwa mu guhindura imiterere y'ubuso bw'amabuye y'agaciro mu buryo bw'ubukorano, kwagura itandukaniro ry'imiterere y'ubuso hagati y'amabuye y'agaciro, kongera cyangwa kugabanya ubukana bw'amazi ku buso bw'amabuye y'agaciro, kugira ngo hakosorwe kandi hagenzurwe imyitwarire y'ubukonje bw'amabuye y'agaciro no kubona umusaruro mwiza wo gutandukana. Kubwibyo, ikoreshwa n'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ryo kuzura bifitanye isano rya hafi n'ibipimo by'ubukonje bw'amabuye y'agaciro.
Kubera ko imiterere y’ubuso bw’uduce tw’amabuye y’agaciro itandukanye n’ibipimo by’ubutare nk’ubucucike n’ubushobozi bwo gukurura ibintu, bigoye guhindura, imiterere y’ubuso bw’uduce tw’amabuye y’agaciro ishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo bw’ubukorano kugira ngo habeho itandukaniro rikenewe mu miterere y’ubuso hagati y’uduce tw’amabuye y’agaciro kugira ngo dutandukanywe. Kubwibyo, kuzura kw’amazi bikoreshwa cyane mu gutandukanya uduce tw’amabuye y’agaciro kandi bizwi nka uburyo bwo gutunganya amabuye y’agaciro busanzwe. Ni bwo buryo bukoreshwa cyane kandi bufite akamaro mu gutandukanya uduce tw’amabuye y’agaciro tworoshye n’utworoshye cyane.
2. Imikoreshereze ya Flotation
Gutunganya amabuye y'agaciro ni igikorwa cyo gutegura ibikoresho fatizo byo gushongesha ibyuma no gukora imiti, kandi gushushanya ifuro byabaye bumwe mu buryo bw'ingenzi bwo gutunganya amabuye y'agaciro. Hafi ya buri mutungo wose w'amabuye y'agaciro ushobora gutandukanywa no gushushanya.
Muri iki gihe, flotation ikoreshwa cyane mu byuma bicukurwamo feri ahanini mu kongerera icyuma na manganese, nka hematite, smithsonite, ilmenite n'andi mabuye y'agaciro; amabuye y'agaciro y'icyuma ahanini mu kongerera izahabu n'ifeza; amabuye y'agaciro y'icyuma adafite feri nka umuringa, icyuma cy'ubutare, zinc, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, antimoni, harimo n'amabuye y'agaciro ya sulfide nka galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, molybdenite, pentlandite, n'amabuye y'agaciro ya okiside nka malachite, cerussite, hemimorphite, cassiterite, wolframite; gutandukanya amabuye y'agaciro adafite icyuma nka fluorite, apatite, barite, n'amabuye y'agaciro ashongeshwa nk'umunyu wa potashi n'umunyu w'amabuye; ndetse no gutandukanya amabuye y'agaciro adafite icyuma n'amabuye ya silicate nka makara, grafiti, sulfur, diyama, quartz, mica, feldspar, beryl, spodumene.
Flotation yakusanyije ubunararibonye bwinshi mu bijyanye no gutunganya amabuye y'agaciro, hamwe n'iterambere rihoraho mu ikoranabuhanga. Ku mabuye y'agaciro yo mu rwego rwo hasi kandi agoye mu miterere yafatwaga mbere ko adafite agaciro mu nganda, ubu arimo kongera gukoreshwa (umutungo usanzwe) binyuze mu kuyatunganya.
Uko umutungo w’amabuye y’agaciro ugenda urushaho kuba muto, amabuye y’agaciro afite akamaro akwirakwizwa neza kandi akavangwa mu mabuye y’agaciro, bigatuma gutandukanya ibintu bigorana; kugira ngo bigabanye ikiguzi cyo gukora, inganda nk’ibikoresho by’icyuma n’imiti zikenera ibipimo by’ubuziranenge n’ubuziranenge bw’ibikoresho fatizo bitunganywa, ni ukuvuga ibicuruzwa bitandukanye.
Ku ruhande rumwe, ni ngombwa kunoza ubwiza; ku rundi ruhande, ku kibazo cy'uko amabuye y'agaciro agoranye kuyatandukanya bitewe n'ingano y'uduce duto, uburyo bwo kuzenguruka bwagaragaje inyungu kurusha ubundi buryo, bugakoreshwa cyane kandi butanga icyizere mu gutunganya amabuye y'agaciro muri iki gihe. Uburyo bwo kuzenguruka bwagiye butera imbere buhoro buhoro kuva bwatangira gukoreshwa mu mabuye y'agaciro ya sulfide kugeza ku mabuye y'agaciro ya okiside n'andi mabuye atari ay'icyuma. Ubu, umubare w'amabuye y'agaciro atunganywa n'uburyo bwo kuzenguruka ku isi ugera kuri toni za miliyari buri mwaka.
Mu myaka ya vuba aha, ikoreshwa ry'ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya amabuye y'agaciro ntirikigarukira gusa ku bijyanye n'ubuhanga mu gutunganya amabuye y'agaciro, ahubwo ryagutse kugeza ku kurengera ibidukikije, ikoranabuhanga mu by'icyuma, gukora impapuro, ubuhinzi, inganda z'imiti, ibiribwa, ibikoresho, ubuvuzi, ibinyabuzima n'ibindi.
Urugero, gukusanya ibice by'ingirakamaro mu bicuruzwa biri hagati, ibintu bihindagurika n'ibisigazwa bya pyrometallurgy; gukusanya ibisigazwa bya hydrometallurgical leaching n'ibikomoka ku mvura byakuwe mu mazuru; gukusanya mu nganda z'imiti kugira ngo haveho impapuro zasubiwemo n'ibikomoka ku myanda ya pulp; gukuramo amavuta akomeye mu mucanga wo ku nkengero z'uruzi, gutandukanya imyanda mito, colloids, bagiteri, no gukuraho imyanda y'icyuma mu myanda ni ibintu bisanzwe mu buhanga mu by'ibidukikije.
Hamwe no kunoza uburyo bwo gutunganya amazi n'uburyo bwo kuyahindura, hamwe no kugaragara kw'ibikoresho bishya kandi binoze byo gutunganya amazi n'ibikoresho, gutunganya amazi bizakoreshwa cyane mu nganda nyinshi no mu nzego zitandukanye. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko iyo hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gutunganya amazi n'ibintu, ibikoresho bizatuma ikiguzi cyo gutunganya amazi kizamuka (ugereranije no gutandukanya amazi n'uburemere); ingano y'uduce dukenewe kugira ngo amazi arusheho kuba meza ni ntoya cyane; hari ibintu byinshi bigira ingaruka ku gutunganya amazi n'ibintu, hamwe n'ikoranabuhanga rikenewe cyane; kandi amazi mabi arimo ibintu bisigaye byangiza ibidukikije.
3. Ibikubiye mu bushakashatsi ku bijyanye n'amazi
Uburyo bwo kuzenguruka bukoresha amabuye y'agaciro akomeye n'ibikoresho byo gutandukanya (amazi, gaze). Ibikubiye mu bushakashatsi birimo amahame shingiro yo kuzenguruka, ibikoresho byo kuzenguruka, imashini zizenguruka, inzira zo kuzenguruka, n'ibindi.
Inyigisho y'ibanze yo kuzenguruka irimo ubushobozi bwo kuzenguruka bw'amabuye y'agaciro, imiterere y'aho atandukaniye n'ibindi, kwiga imiterere y'aho ahurira, imikoranire hagati y'ibyiciro, uburyo bwo gushyira amabuye mu tuntu duto, nibindi; ubushakashatsi ku bikoresho bizenguruka birimo amoko, imiterere, imiterere, uburyo bwo gukora, uburyo bwo gutegura no gukoresha ibikoresho bizenguruka; ubushakashatsi ku mashini zizenguruka burimo imiterere, amahame y'imikorere n'ikoreshwa ry'imashini zizenguruka; ubushakashatsi ku mikorere y'aho anyura buvuga imiterere y'imikorere, ingaruka n'igenzura ry'ibintu bigenda, na sisitemu y'ibikoresho bizenguruka; byongeye kandi, hari ubushakashatsi ku ikoreshwa ry'amabuye atandukanye.
Uburyo bw'ubushakashatsi ku by'impinduka mu miterere y'ibintu bukoreshwa mu bushakashatsi ku bidukikije burimo amasomo nka mineraloji y'imikorere, shimi y'ibinyabuzima, shimi idashingiye ku bidukikije, shimi ishingiye ku bidukikije (interface chemistry, shimi ya koloyide), mekanike y'amazi, mekanike, gupima mu buryo bwikora, no gusesengura tekiniki n'ubukungu.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-09-2026