Ingaruka zo kunywesha, ibisabwa: HLB: 7-9
Gutobesha bisobanurwa nk'ikintu aho gazi yinjijwe ku buso bukomeye yimurirwa mu kindi kintu. Ibintu bishobora kongera ubushobozi bwo kwimuka byitwa ibikoresho byo kunywesha. Gutobesha muri rusange bishyirwa mu byiciro bitatu: gutobesha mu buryo bw'amayeri (contact wetting), gutobesha mu buryo bw'amazi (inmersional wetting), no gutobesha mu buryo bw'amayeri (spreading). Muri ibyo, gutobesha bigaragaza urugero rwo hejuru rwo kunyobesha, kandi coefficient yo gutobesha ikunze gukoreshwa nk'ikimenyetso cyo gusuzuma imikorere yo kunyobesha hagati y'uburyo butandukanye. Byongeye kandi, inguni yo kunyobesha nayo ni igipimo cyo gusuzuma ubwiza bw'inyobesha. Surfactants zishobora gukoreshwa mu kugenzura urwego rwo kunyobesha hagati y'ibyiciro by'amazi n'ibikomeye.
Mu nganda zikora imiti yica udukoko, zimwe mu nganda n'ifu ifushwa ivumbi nabyo biba birimo ingano runaka y'imiti yica udukoko. Intego yabyo ni ukunoza uburyo umuti wica udukoko ufatana n'ingano y'imiti ku buso bugenewe, kwihutisha umuvuduko wo kurekura no kwagura agace gakwirakwira mu bintu bikora mu gihe cy'ubushuhe, bityo bikongera ubushobozi bwo gukumira no kuvura indwara.
Mu nganda zikora amavuta yo kwisiga, imiti ikoreshwa mu kwisiga ikora nk'imiti igabanya ubukana bw'uruhu kandi ni ibintu by'ingenzi mu bikoresho byo kwita ku ruhu nka amavuta yo kwisiga, amavuta yo kwisiga, imiti yo kwisiga mu maso n'imiti ikuraho kwisiga.
Micelles na Solubilization,ibisabwa: C > CMC (HLB 13–18)
Ingano ntoya cyane iyo molekile za surfactant zihuriraho kugira ngo zikore micelles. Iyo ingano irenze agaciro ka CMC, molekile za surfactant zishyira hamwe mu miterere nk'imiterere y'uruziga, isa n'inkoni, lamellar, cyangwa imiterere isa n'iya plate.
Sisitemu zo gushonga ni sisitemu zo kuringaniza ikirere. Uko CMC iri hasi kandi urugero rw'imikoranire rurushaho kuba rwinshi, niko ikigero kinini cy'inyongera (MAC) kiba kinini. Ingaruka z'ubushyuhe ku gushonga zigaragarira mu bintu bitatu: zigira ingaruka ku miterere ya micelle, gushonga kwa solubilizates, no gushonga kwa surfactants ubwazo. Ku bacuruzi ba ionic, gushonga kwabo kwiyongera cyane uko ubushyuhe buzamuka, kandi ubushyuhe aho ubu bwiyongere butunguranye bwitwa Krafft point. Uko ikigero cya Krafft kiri hejuru, niko ikigero cya micelle cy'ingenzi kiba gito.
Ku bintu bidafite ionic bya polyoxyethylene, iyo ubushyuhe buzamutse ku rwego runaka, gushonga kwabyo kugabanuka cyane maze imvura igwa, bigatuma umuti uhinduka umukungugu. Iki kintu kizwi nka clouding, kandi ubushyuhe bujyanye nacyo bwitwa cloud point. Ku bintu bidafite ionic bifite uburebure bumwe bwa polyoxyethylene, uko umugozi wa hydrocarbon uba muremure, niko cloud point iba nto; mu buryo bunyuranye, uburebure bumwe bwa hydrocarbon, uko umugozi wa polyoxyethylene uba muremure, niko cloud point iba iri hejuru.
Ibintu bidafite imiterere y’ibinyabuzima (urugero, benzene) bifite ubushobozi buke bwo gushonga mu mazi. Ariko, kongeramo ibintu bikozwe muri surfactants nka sodium oleate bishobora kongera cyane ubushobozi bwo gushonga bwa benzene mu mazi—inzira yitwa gushonga. Gushonga bitandukanye no gushonga bisanzwe: benzene ishonga ntabwo ikwirakwira mu buryo bumwe mu ngirabuzimafatizo z’amazi ahubwo ifungirwa muri micelles zikozwe na iyoni za oleate. Ubushakashatsi bwa X-ray bwagaragaje ko ubwoko bwose bwa micelles bukura ku rugero rutandukanye nyuma yo gushonga, mu gihe imiterere y’umuti muri rusange idahinduka cyane.
Uko ubwinshi bw'ibintu bikoreshwa mu mazi bwiyongera, molecules za surfactant zirundanya ku buso bw'amazi zigakora urwego rw'ibintu bifatanye neza kandi by'umwihariko. Ubwinshi bw'ibintu bikoreshwa mu gice cy'ubwinshi bw'amazi buterana hamwe n'amatsinda yabyo adafite aho ahuriye n'amazi areba imbere, bigatuma habaho micelles. Ubwinshi buke busabwa kugira ngo hatangwe micelle busobanurwa nk'ubwinshi bw'ibintu bikoreshwa mu buryo bw'ingenzi (CMC). Kuri ubu bwinshi, umuti uhinduka utandukanye n'imyitwarire myiza, kandi ahantu hatandukanye hagaragara ku muvuduko w'ubuso ugereranije n'ubwinshi bw'ibintu. Kongera ubwinshi bw'ibintu bikoreshwa mu buryo bw'ubwinshi bw'amazi ntibizongera kugabanya umuvuduko w'ubuso; ahubwo, bizamura gukura no kwiyongera kw'ibintu bikoreshwa mu gice cy'ubwinshi bw'amazi.
Iyo molekile za surfactant zitatanye mu gisubizo zikagera ku rugero runaka rw’icyitegererezo, zihuza kuva kuri monomer imwe imwe (iyoni cyangwa molekile) zikajya muri colloidal aggregates zitwa micelles. Iri hinduka ritera impinduka zitunguranye mu miterere y’umubiri n’imiti by’igisubizo, kandi icyitegererezo ibi bibaho ni CMC. Inzira yo gukora micelle yitwa micellization.
Kurema kwa micelles mu bisubizo by’amazi bya surfactant ni inzira ishingiye ku bwinshi. Mu bisubizo bivanze cyane, amazi n’umwuka biba hafi ya byose, bityo ubushyuhe bw’ubuso bugabanuka gato, bugakomeza kuba hafi y’amazi meza, aho molekile nke cyane za surfactant zikwirakwira mu gice cy’ubwinshi. Uko ubushyuhe bw’ibisubizo bwiyongera ku rugero, molekile zinjira vuba ku buso bw’amazi, bigabanura agace k’ubushyuhe hagati y’amazi n’umwuka kandi bigatera igabanuka rikomeye ry’ubushyuhe bw’ubuso. Hagati aho, molekile zimwe na zimwe za surfactant mu gice cy’ubwinshi zihurira hamwe n’amatsinda yazo afitanye isano, zigakora micelles nto.
Uko ingano ikomeza kwiyongera kandi umuti ukagera ku gushonga kw'amazi menshi, icyuma cyuzuyemo utuntu twinshi gitangira gukora ku buso bw'amazi. Iyo ingano igeze kuri CMC, ingano y'umuvuduko w'umuti igera ku gaciro kayo gato. Uretse CMC, kongera ingano y'umuvuduko w'umuti bigabanya ingano y'umuvuduko w'amazi mu gice cy'umuvuduko. Hanyuma umuti wiganjemo micelles, zikora nk'ibintu bito mu gukora ifu za nano. Uko ingano ikomeza kwiyongera, sisitemu igenda ihinduka buhoro buhoro ikagera kuri imiterere y'amazi.
Iyo ingano y'umuti w'amazi ugera kuri CMC, imiterere ya micelles irushaho kugaragara uko ingano yiyongera. Ibi bigaragazwa n'aho ingano y'umuvuduko w'ubuso ugereranyije n'umuvuduko w'umuti (γ–log c curve), hamwe no kugaragara kw'imiterere idafite akamaro kanini ya fiziki n'iya shimi mu muti.
Micelles za Ionic surfactant zifite charge nyinshi zo hejuru. Bitewe no gukurura electrostatic, counterions zikururwa n'ubuso bwa micelle, bigakuraho igice cy'charges nziza na negative. Ariko, iyo micelles ikoze imiterere ifite charge nyinshi, imbaraga zigabanya ikirere cya ionic cyakozwe na counterions ziriyongera cyane—umutungo ushobora gukoreshwa mu guhindura uburyo nanopowders zitandukanira. Kubera izi mpamvu ebyiri, imikorere y'umuti ingana igabanuka vuba uko ingano y'umuti igenda yiyongera urenze CMC, bigatuma iyi ngingo iba uburyo bwizewe bwo kumenya ingano y'umuti wa micelle w'umuti wa surfactants.
Imiterere ya micelles ya ionic surfactant ubusanzwe ni uruziga, igizwe n'ibice bitatu: core, shell, na diffuse electrolyte double layer. core igizwe n'iminyururu ya hydrocarbon idafite hydrophobic, isa na hydrocarbons y'amazi, ifite umurambararo uri hagati ya 1 na 2.8 nm. Amatsinda ya methylene (-CH₂-) yegeranye n'amatsinda y'umutwe wa polar afite polarity igice, agumana molekile zimwe na zimwe z'amazi zikikije core. Bityo, core ya micelle igizweamazi menshi yafashwe, kandi aya matsinda ya -CH₂- ntabwo yinjiye neza mu gice cy’imbere cy’amazi nk’amazi ahubwo agize igice cy’igishishwa cya micelle kitari amazi.
Igishishwa cya micelle kizwi kandi nka micelle-water interface cyangwa surface phase. Ntabwo kivuga ihuriro rya macroscopic riri hagati ya micelles n'amazi ahubwo bivuga akarere kari hagati ya micelles n'umuti wa monomeric aqueous surfactant. Kuri micelles ya ionic surfactant, igishishwa kigizwe n'urwego rwo hagati rwa Stern (cyangwa urwego rwo hejuru rw'amashanyarazi) rw'urwego rw'amashanyarazi rubiri, rufite ubugari bwa 0.2 kugeza 0.3 nm. Igishishwa kigizwe n'amatsinda ya ionic head of surfactants n'igice cy'ibice bifatanye ariko kandi gifite urwego rworoshye bitewe n'amazi ya iyoni. Igishishwa cya micelle si ubuso bworoshye ahubwo ni ihuriro "rigoye", riterwa n'ihindagurika riterwa n'ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe bwa molekile za surfactant monomer.
Mu bintu bidakoresha amavuta (bishingiye kuri peteroli), aho usanga ari molekile z’amavuta ziganje, amatsinda y’ibintu bikoresha amazi bihurira imbere bigakora igice cy’imbere cy’inyuma, mu gihe imiyoboro ya hydrocarbon ikora igice cy’inyuma cya micelle. Ubu bwoko bwa micelle bufite imiterere ihinduka ugereranije na micelles zisanzwe z’amazi bityo bwitwa reverse micelle; mu buryo butandukanye, micelles zikorerwa mu mazi zitwa normal micelles. Ishusho ya 4 igaragaza icyitegererezo cya reverse micelles zikozwe na surfactants mu bisubizo bitari amazi. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, reverse micelles zakoreshejwe cyane mu gukora no gutegura imiti itwara imiti ya nanoscale, cyane cyane mu gufunga imiti ikoresha amazi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-26-2025