Amphoteric surfactants ni surfactants zirimo amatsinda ya anionic hydrophilic na cationic hydrophilic muri molekile imwe. Ikiranga cyazo gikomeye ni uko zishobora gutanga no kwakira protons. Zifite ibi bikurikira mu gihe cyo kuzikoresha: Amphoteric surfactants muri rusange zigira imikorere myiza mu gukaraba, gukwirakwiza, gusya, gusya, koroshya imigozi, no kurwanya static, kandi zishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho byo kurangiza imyenda, ibikoresho byo guha irangi, ibikoresho byo gusya isabune ya kalisiyumu, ibikoresho byo gusukura byumye, n'ibikoresho bigabanya ingese, nibindi. Zifite ubushobozi bworoshye, bworoshye, kandi zirwanya static ku myenda; zimwe mu nshingano zirwanya bagiteri no gukumira ibumba; hamwe n'ubushobozi bwiza bwo gusya no gusya. Ariko, ubu bwoko bwa surfactant burahenze cyane, kandi ikoreshwa ryayo ni rito ugereranyije n'iry'ubundi bwoko bwa surfactants. Ni surfactant yoroheje. Bitandukanye na anionic surfactants imwe cyangwa cationic, molekile za amphoteric surfactant zifite amatsinda ya aside n'ay'ibanze ku mpera imwe ya molekile. Amatsinda aside ahanini ni ay’ikabokisili, aside sulfonic, cyangwa fosifate, mu gihe ayo matsinda y’ibanze ari amino cyangwa amoniya ya quaternary. Ashobora kuvangwa n’ibinyabutabire bya anionic na nonionic kandi arwanya aside, alkali, umunyu, n’umunyu wa alkaline metal metal.
Muri iki gihe, imiti ikoreshwa cyane mu gukora amphoteric surfactants akenshi ifite amatsinda ya karubokisilate nk'ibice byayo bya anionic, aho mike ifite amatsinda ya sulfonate; ibice byayo bya cationic byiganjemo umunyu wa amine cyangwa umunyu wa ammonium wa quaternary. Ifite umunyu wa amine nk'ibice bya cationic yitwa ubwoko bwa aside amine; iy'ifite umunyu wa ammonium wa quaternary nk'ibice bya cationic yitwa ubwoko bwa betaine.
- Ubwoko bwa aside amine
Umuti w'amazi wa aside amino amphoteric surfactants ni alkaline. Iyo aside hidrokloriki yongewemo buhoro buhoro hamwe no gukangura, nta gihinduka iyo umuti ubaye ntaho ubogamiye. Umuti ugaragara iyo umuti ubaye aside gato. Iyo hongewemo aside hidrokloriki nyinshi kugira ngo umuti ube aside cyane, umuti urongera gushonga. Ibi bigaragaza ko ukora nk'umuti urwanya anionic surfactant mu kirere kirimo alkaline kandi nk'umuti urwanya anionic surfactant mu kirere kirimo aside. Ariko, iyo imiterere ya cationic na anionic iringaniye neza ku gice cya isoelectric, hydrophilicity iragabanuka, bigatuma habaho umuti urwanya anionic. Anion iri muri molekile ni itsinda rya karubokisili, naho cation ni umunyu wa ammonium. Ubu bwoko bwa surfactant bugaragaza ibikorwa bitandukanye byo hejuru hamwe n'impinduka muri pH y'umwuka. Urugero, aside dodecylaminopropionic (C12H25N+H2CH2CH2COO-) ishobora guhindurwamo sodium dodecylaminopropionate (C12H25NHCH2CH2COO-Na+) mu buryo bwa sodium hydroxide, igakora nk'umunyu wa anionic ushonga mu mazi. Mu buryo bwa aside hydrochloric, ishobora guhindurwamo umunyu wa hydrochloride wa aside dodecylaminopropionic [(C12H25N+H2CH2CH2COOH)Cl-], igakora nk'umunyu wa cationic ushonga mu mazi. Iyo pH y'ubwo buryo ihinduwe ku buryo charges nziza na negative ziba ziringaniye neza, ihinduka umunyu w'imbere (C12H25N+H2CH2CH2COO-), udashonga neza mu mazi kandi ukagwa. pH kuri iyi ngingo yitwa isoelectric point. Kugira ngo ikore neza ingaruka za amino aside amphoteric surfactants, igomba gukoreshwa mu bisubizo by'amazi bifite pH iva kuri isoelectric point. Ibikoresho fatizo bisanzwe bikoreshwa mu gutegura aside amino amphoteric surfactants birimo amine nyinshi za aliphatic primary, methyl acrylate (reba acrylate esters), acrylonitrile, na aside chloroacetic.
- Bubwoko bwa etaine
Ibikoresho bya amphoteric byo mu bwoko bwa Betaine bifite umwihariko wo gushonga mu mazi byaba ari aside, neutral cyangwa alkaline. Ntibigwa ndetse no ku gice cya isoelectric. Byongeye kandi, bifite imiterere myiza nko gusohora amazi, gusohora amazi no kudahindura imiterere. Kubwibyo, ni ibintu byiza bigabanya ubushyuhe n'ubudahangarwa.
Karuboksibetaine
Anion iri muri molekile ni itsinda rya karubokisili, naho cation ikaba itsinda rya ammonium rya quaternary. Urugero, alkyl dimethyl betaine [RN+(CH3)2CH2COO-], aho itsinda rya alkyl R rifite atome za karuboni 12 kugeza kuri 18. Ugereranyije n'ubwoko bwa aside amine, ubwoko bwa betaine bushobora gushonga mu mazi mu byuma bivanze n'aside, cyangwa alkaline, kandi ntibushobora gushonga ndetse no ku gice cya isoelectric, bityo bushobora gukoreshwa mu bisubizo by'amazi bifite pH iyo ari yo yose. Mu byuma bivanze n'aside, iyo pH y'igice cya isoelectric iri hasi, ikora nk'umusemburo wa cationic ushonga mu mazi [[RN+(CH3)2CH2COOH]Cl-]; mu byuma bivanze n'aside cyangwa alkaline, ni ukuvuga, iyo pH ingana cyangwa irenga ingingo ya isoelectric, ikora nk'umusemburo wa amphoteric ushonga mu mazi kandi ntikora nk'umusemburo wa anionic. Amphoteric surfactants ikunda gukora precipitates hamwe na anionic surfactants gusa mu byuma bivanze n'aside. Bishobora gukoreshwa hamwe n'ubwoko bwose bwa surfactant mu buryo bw'umwuka bufite pH zitandukanye. Ibikoresho fatizo bisanzwe bikoreshwa mu gutegura surfactants za amphoteric zo mu bwoko bwa betaine birimo alkyl dimethyl tertiary amines na sodium chloroacetate, nibindi.
Sulfobetaine
Itsinda ry’aminoni riri muri molekile ni itsinda rya sulfo (SO3-), naho itsinda rya cationic ni itsinda rya ammonium rya quaternary. Ikoreshwa cyane ni alkyl dimethyl sulfoneethyl betaines [RN+(CH3)2CH2CH2SO3-] na alkyl dimethyl sulfopropyl betaines [RN+(CH3)2CH2CH2CH2SO3-]. Umubare wa atome za karuboni mu itsinda rya alkyl R muri formula uri hagati ya 12 na 18. Sulfobetaines zifite imiterere yuzuye; ntabwo zifite gusa ibyiza byose bya betaines zisanzwe ahubwo zifite n'inyungu zidasanzwe nko kurwanya aside nyinshi, alkali, n'umunyu. Kuri ubu, hydroxy sulfopropyl [RN+(CH3)2CH2CH(OH)CH2SO3-] ikoreshwa mu gusimbura sulfopropyl betaines, zikora ibintu byangiza umubiri w'umuntu mu gihe cyo gukora. Bitewe n'uko hari amatsinda ya anionic na cationic afite amatsinda ya hydroxyl mu miterere yayo, ntabwo afite gusa ibyiza byose bya amphoteric surfactants ahubwo anagaragaza ubudahangarwa ku bwinshi bwa aside, alkali, n'umunyu, ubushobozi bwiza bwo gukurura, gukwirakwiza, no kurwanya static, ndetse no kwica bagiteri, kurwanya mikorobe, na viscoelastic. Ni surfactants zifite imikorere myiza muri rusange kandi zakoreshejwe cyane mu nzego zitandukanye nko mu bintu bya buri munsi, gukurura amavuta yo mu ishyamba, gucikamo ibice, no gushyira aside mu mwanya wa aside.
Fosfolipide betaine
Itsinda ry’aminoni riri muri molekile ni itsinda rya fosifate (HPO4-), naho itsinda rya cationic ni itsinda rya ammonium rya quaternary. Urugero, alkyl dimethyl hydroxypropyl phosphate betaine [RN+(CH3)2CH2CH(OH)CH2HPO4-], aho itsinda rya alkyl R rifite atome za karuboni 12 kugeza kuri 18. Iyi miterere igaragaza ko idafite gusa imiterere myiza ya surfactants za amphoteric nko kumena, gushonga, gushonga, imiterere yo gushonga no gukwirakwiza, imiterere yo kurwanya static, guhagarara neza mu bushyuhe, ndetse no guhuza neza, gushyuha guke, n'ibyiza ugereranije na surfactants za anionic muri rusange nko kumererwa neza kwa alkali, electrolyte resistance, n'imiterere yo kurwanya static, ahubwo inafite ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gukwirakwiza isabune ya kalisiyumu, gushyuha guke ku buso, n'imikorere myiza yo gusohora ifuro.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-04-2026