Dukurikije uburyo imiti ikoreshwa mu gutondeka ibikomoka ku mavuta, imiti ikoreshwa mu gucukura ibikomoka ku mavuta ishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe ikoreshwa ryayo, imiti ikoreshwa mu gucukura ibikomoka ku mavuta, imiti ikoreshwa mu gucukura ibikomoka ku mavuta, imiti ikoreshwa mu gucukura ibikomoka ku mavuta, imiti ikoreshwa mu gukusanya no gutwara ibikomoka ku mavuta na gaze, hamwe n’imiti ikoreshwa mu gutunganya amazi.
Imashini zo gucukura?
Mu bikoresho byo gucukura peteroli, ibikoresho byo gucukura peteroli (harimo n'ibyo gucukura amazi n'ibyo gusima) bikoresha ingano nini cyane—hafi 60% by'ibikoresho byose byo gucukura peteroli bikoreshwa. Nubwo ibikoresho byo gucukura peteroli ari bike, bigezweho mu ikoranabuhanga, bigizwe na kimwe cya gatatu cy'ibyo byose. Ibi byiciro bibiri bifite akamaro kanini mu gukoresha ibikoresho byo gucukura peteroli.
Mu Bushinwa, ubushakashatsi bwibanda ku bintu bibiri by'ingenzi: gukoresha neza ibikoresho gakondo no guteza imbere polymer nshya zikozwe mu buryo bwa sintetike (harimo na monomer). Ku rwego mpuzamahanga, ubushakashatsi ku byiyongereyeho amazi yo gucukura ni umwihariko, bushimangira polymer zikozwe mu itsinda rya aside sulfonic nk'ishingiro ry'ibicuruzwa bitandukanye—icyerekezo gishobora kugira ingaruka ku iterambere ry'ejo hazaza. Hakozwe impinduka mu bigabanya ubukana, ibikoresho byo kugenzura igihombo cy'amazi, n'amavuta yo kwisiga. By'umwihariko, mu myaka ya vuba aha, polymeric alcohol surfactants ifite ingaruka ku bicu byakoreshejwe cyane mu bibanza bya peteroli byo mu gihugu, ikora urukurikirane rw'uburyo bwo gucukura aside polymeric. Byongeye kandi, methyl glucoside na glycerin-based crimérie byagaragaje umusaruro mwiza wo gukoresha mu murima, birushaho guteza imbere polymer zikozwe mu buryo bwa sintetike. Kuri ubu, inyongeramusaruro z'amazi yo gucukura mu Bushinwa zigizwe n'ibyiciro 18 bifite ubwoko burenga igihumbi, aho ikoreshwa buri mwaka rigera kuri toni 300.000.
Ibikoresho by'umusaruro?
Ugereranyije n’ibikoresho byo gucukura, ibikoresho byo gukora ibintu biri hasi mu bwinshi no mu bwinshi, cyane cyane ibyo mu gukora ibintu bitera aside no gucika. Mu gukora ibintu bitera aside, ubushakashatsi ku bikoresho byo gukora ibintu bitera aside bwibanda cyane cyane ku bimera bihinduka na cellulose, hamwe na polymeri zikoze nka polyacrylamide. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, iterambere mpuzamahanga mu gukora ibintu bitera aside mu bintu biri hasi ryagenze buhoro, aho ubushakashatsi n’iterambere byibanda kuibibuza ingesekugira ngo habeho aside. Ibi bipimo bikunze gukorwa binyuze mu guhindura cyangwa kuvanga ibikoresho fatizo bihari, hagamijwe kwemeza ko uburozi buke cyangwa butarimo uburozi kandi amavuta/amazi agashonga cyangwa amazi agakwirakwira. Ibipimo bipima aside bishingiye kuri amine, ammonium ya quaternary, na alkyne alcohol birakunze kugaragara, mu gihe ibipimo bipima aldehyde byagabanutse bitewe n’ibibazo by’uburozi. Izindi mpinduka zirimo dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid complexes hamwe na amines nkeya (urugero: ethylamine, propylamine, amines za C8–18 primary, oleic diethanolamide), hamwe na emulsifiers za aside-in-petroleum. Mu Bushinwa, ubushakashatsi ku bintu bipima aside mu gushwanyagurika no gutera aside bwarakererewe, aho iterambere rito rirenze inzitizi zo gutera aside. Mu bicuruzwa biboneka, ibintu bipima amine (amide z’ibanze, iza kabiri, iza gatatu, cyangwa iza quaternary hamwe n’ibivanze byazo) byiganje, hagakurikiraho imidazoline derivatives nk'ikindi cyiciro kinini cy’ibipimo bipima ingese.
Imashini zikora peteroli na gaze/ubwikorezi?
Ubushakashatsi n'iterambere ry'ibinyabutabire byo gukusanya/gutwara peteroli na gazi mu Bushinwa byatangiye mu myaka ya 1960. Muri iki gihe, hari ibyiciro 14 bifite ibicuruzwa amagana. Ibinyabutabire byo gukuraho peteroli ni byo bikoreshwa cyane, aho buri mwaka hakenerwa toni zigera ku 20.000. Ubushinwa bwakoze ibinyabutabire byo gukuraho peteroli mu mazu atandukanye, byinshi muri byo byujuje ibisabwa mpuzamahanga byo mu myaka ya 1990. Ariko, ibinyabutabire byo gukuraho peteroli, ibinyabutabire bigabanya ubushyuhe, ibinyabutabire byo gukuraho/gukumira ibisigazwa biracyari bike, ahanini bikaba ari ibintu bivanze. Ibisabwa bitandukanye by'imiterere itandukanye ya peteroli kuri ibi binyabutabire bitera imbogamizi kandi bisaba byinshi mu iterambere ry'ibicuruzwa bishya.
Imashini zitunganya amazi mu kibuga cy'amavuta?
Imiti ikoreshwa mu gutunganya amazi ni ingenzi cyane mu iterambere ry’ibikomoka kuri peteroli, aho ikoreshwa buri mwaka irenga toni 60.000—hafi 40% muri yo ikaba ari imiti ikoreshwa mu gutunganya amazi. Nubwo hari byinshi ikenewe, ubushakashatsi ku miti ikoreshwa mu gutunganya amazi mu Bushinwa ntibuhagije, kandi ubwoko bw’ibicuruzwa ntabwo buhagije. Ibicuruzwa byinshi byahinduwe mu gutunganya amazi mu nganda, ariko bitewe n’ubugoranye bw’amazi yo mu bikomoka kuri peteroli, akenshi usanga ari bibi, rimwe na rimwe ntibitange umusaruro witezwe. Ku rwego mpuzamahanga, iterambere ry’imiti ikoreshwa mu gutunganya amazi ni ryo tsinda rikora cyane mu bushakashatsi ku miti ikoreshwa mu gutunganya amazi, ritanga umusaruro mwinshi, nubwo bike byagenewe gutunganya amazi yanduye yo mu bikomoka kuri peteroli.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-20-2025