Nibihe bikorwa bya surfactants murwego rwa peteroli?

Ukurikije uburyo bwo gutondekanya imiti y’amavuta ya peteroli, imiti ikoreshwa mu bucukuzi bwa peteroli irashobora gushyirwa mu byiciro hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gucukura, gucukura ibicuruzwa, kongera ingufu mu kugarura amavuta, gukusanya amavuta na gaze / gukusanya ubwikorezi, hamwe n’amazi yo gutunganya amazi.

 

Gucukura?

 

Mu bikoresho bya peteroli, ibishishwa byo gucukura (harimo no kongeramo amazi no kongeramo sima) bifite umubare munini w’ibikoreshwa - hafi 60% y’ikoreshwa rya peteroli yose. Umusaruro utanga umusaruro, nubwo ugereranije ni muto mubwinshi, wateye imbere mubuhanga, ugizwe na kimwe cya gatatu cyumubare. Ibyo byiciro byombi bifite akamaro kanini mubikorwa bya peteroli.

Mu Bushinwa, ubushakashatsi bwibanze ku bice bibiri by'ingenzi: gukoresha cyane ibikoresho fatizo gakondo no guteza imbere polimeri yubukorikori (harimo na monomers). Ku rwego mpuzamahanga, gucukura amazi yongeweho ubushakashatsi ni umwihariko, byibanda ku matsinda ya acide sulfonique arimo polymers ya sintetike nkishingiro ryibicuruzwa bitandukanye - inzira ishobora guhindura iterambere ryigihe kizaza. Iterambere ryakozwe mu kugabanya ubukonje, imiti igabanya igihombo, hamwe n'amavuta. Ikigaragara ni uko mu myaka yashize, ibiyobyabwenge bya polymeric bigira ingaruka ku bicu byakiriwe henshi mu mavuta yo mu gihugu, bigizwe na sisitemu yo gucukura inzoga za polymeriki. Byongeye kandi, methyl glucoside na glycerine ishingiye ku gucukura byerekanaga ibisubizo bitanga umusaruro mu murima, bikarushaho gutera imbere mu bikorwa byo gucukura. Kugeza ubu, inyongeramusaruro y’amazi yo mu Bushinwa ikubiyemo ibyiciro 18 bifite amoko arenga igihumbi, aho ikoreshwa buri mwaka hafi toni 300.000.

 

Umusaruro?

 

Ugereranije no gucukura ibishishwa, ibibyara umusaruro ni bike mubwinshi no mubwinshi, cyane cyane bikoreshwa muri acide no kuvunika. Mu kuvunika ibintu, ubushakashatsi ku miti ya gell yibanze cyane cyane ku menyo y’ibimera byahinduwe na selile, hamwe na polymrike yubukorikori nka polyacrylamide. Mu myaka yashize, iterambere mpuzamahanga mu kugabanya aside irike ryagiye gahoro, hamwe na R&D yibanda kuKurwanya ruswaya aside. Izi inhibitor zisanzwe zitezwa imbere muguhindura cyangwa kuvanga ibikoresho bibisi bihari, hamwe nintego imwe yo kwemeza ko uburozi buke cyangwa butari uburozi hamwe namavuta / amazi yo gukama cyangwa gukwirakwiza amazi. Amineum ishingiye kuri amine, quaternary ammonium, na alkyne alcool ivanze inhibitor iriganje, mugihe inzitizi zishingiye kuri aldehyde zagabanutse kubera impungenge z'uburozi. Ibindi bishya birimo dodecylbenzene sulfonic acide hamwe na amine ifite uburemere buke (urugero, Ethylamine, propylamine, C8-18 amine yibanze, oleic diethanolamide), hamwe na emulisiferi ya aside-y-amavuta. Mu Bushinwa, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku miti yo kuvunika no gusukamo aside bwarakomeje, hamwe n'iterambere rito rirenze ibiyobora ruswa. Mubicuruzwa biboneka, ibice bishingiye kuri amine (primaire, secondaire, kaminuza, cyangwa quaternary amide hamwe nuruvange rwabo) byiganje, bigakurikirwa nibikomoka kuri imidazoline nkikindi cyiciro kinini cyangiza ingirabuzimafatizo.

 

Gukusanya Amavuta na Gazi / Ibikoresho byo gutwara abantu?

 

Ubushakashatsi niterambere ryibikoresho byo gukusanya peteroli na gaze mu Bushinwa byatangiye mu myaka ya za 1960. Uyu munsi, hari ibyiciro 14 hamwe nibicuruzwa amagana. Amavuta ya peteroli yamashanyarazi niyo akoreshwa cyane, hamwe nibisabwa buri mwaka toni 20.000. Ubushinwa bwateje imbere imiyoboro itandukanye ya peteroli, inyinshi muri zo zikaba zujuje ubuziranenge mpuzamahanga mu myaka ya za 90. Ariko rero, suka ingingo zihebye, zitezimbere, zigabanya ubukana, hamwe nogukuraho ibishashara / gukumira bikomeza kuba bike, cyane cyane nibicuruzwa bivanze. Ibisabwa bitandukanye byamavuta ya peteroli atandukanye kuri surfactants bitera ibibazo nibisabwa cyane mugutezimbere ibicuruzwa bishya.

 

Amavuta yo gutunganya amazi?

 

Imiti itunganya amazi nicyiciro cyingenzi mugutezimbere peteroli, aho ikoreshwa buri mwaka irenga toni 60.000 - hafi 40% muribyo. Nubwo hakenewe cyane, ubushakashatsi ku miti itunganya amazi mu Bushinwa ntibuhagije, kandi ibicuruzwa bikomeza kuba bituzuye. Ibicuruzwa byinshi byahinduwe bivuye mu gutunganya amazi mu nganda, ariko kubera amazi y’amavuta bigoye, kubikoresha akenshi usanga ari bibi, rimwe na rimwe bikananirwa gutanga ibisubizo byateganijwe. Ku rwego mpuzamahanga, iterambere ryibimera nigice gikora cyane mubushakashatsi bwo gutunganya amazi, butanga ibicuruzwa byinshi, nubwo bike byagenewe umwihariko wo gutunganya amazi mabi ya peteroli.