Uburyo bwo gukuramo amavuta akozwe mu mavuta adafite ishingiro bushingiye ku ihame ryo guhinduranya ibice. Iyo hongewemo demulsifier, habaho ihinduka ry’ibice: surfactants zishobora gukora ubwoko bwa emulsion butandukanye n’ubwakozwe na emulsifier (izwi nka reverse-phase demulsifiers) zirabaho. Bene demulsifiers zigirana na emulsifiers zikomoka ku mazi zigakora complexes, bityo zikavanaho ubushobozi bwa emulsifier bwo gukuramo ibice.
Indi nzira ni ukugongana kw'agace k'urusobe rw'ibintu. Mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe cyangwa gushyuha, demulsifier ifite amahirwe menshi yo gukubitana n'agace k'urusobe rw'ibintu, ikaba yakwinjiramo cyangwa igasimbuza ibice by'ibintu bikora ku buso, bityo igacikamo agace k'urusobe rw'ibintu. Ibi bigabanya cyane ubusugire, bigatera gukururana no guhuza ibintu bigatuma habaho gukururana kw'ibintu.
Emulsion y'amavuta mabi ikunze kugaragara mu gukora no gutunganya ibikomoka kuri peteroli. Amavuta menshi ya mbere ku isi aboneka mu buryo bwa emulsion. Emulsion igizwe nibura n'ibinyobwa bibiri bidahinduka, kimwe muri byo gitatanye neza—ibitonyanga bifite umurambararo wa 1 μm—muri ikindi.
Kimwe muri ibi binyobwa akenshi kiba ari amazi, ikindi akenshi kikaba amavuta. Amavuta ashobora gukwirakwizwa neza mu mazi ku buryo emulsion iba ubwoko bw'amavuta mu mazi (O/W), aho amazi aba ari igice gikomeza naho amavuta akaba igice gitatanye. Ku rundi ruhande, niba amavuta agize igice gikomeza kandi akavomerera igice gitatanye, emulsion iba ubwoko bw'amazi mu mavuta (W/O)—amavuta menshi atatanye ari muri iki cyiciro cya nyuma.
Molekile z'amazi zikururana, kimwe n'uturemangingo tw'amavuta; nyamara hagati y'amazi n'uturemangingo tw'amavuta hari imbaraga zitera imbaraga zikora ku buryo zihuza. Ubushyuhe bw'ubuso bugabanya ubuso buhuza, bityo ibitonyanga muri emulsion ya W/O bigira imiterere y'ubugari. Byongeye kandi, ibitonyanga bya buri kimwe bikunda kwishyira hamwe, ubuso bwabyo bwose bukaba buto ugereranyije n'umubare w'ibitonyanga bitandukanye. Bityo, emulsion y'amazi meza n'amavuta meza ntabwo ihindagurika: igice gitatanye gikurura kwegerana, kigakora ibice bibiri bitandukanye iyo interfacial irwanyijwe - urugero, binyuze mu kwirundanya kwa shimi zidasanzwe ku buryo buhuza, bigabanya imbaraga z'ubushyuhe bw'ubuso. Mu ikoranabuhanga, porogaramu nyinshi zikoresha iyi ngaruka zo kongeramo emulsifiers zizwi cyane kugira ngo zikore emulsifiers zihamye. Ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose gitera imbaraga emulsion muri ubu buryo kigomba kugira imiterere ya shimi ituma habaho imikoranire icyarimwe n'uturemangingo tw'amazi n'uturemangingo tw'amavuta - ni ukuvuga ko kigomba kuba kirimo itsinda rikunda amazi n'itsinda rikunda amazi.
Emulsion z'amavuta mabi ziterwa no kugumana ibintu karemano biri muri peteroli, akenshi zikagira amatsinda y'ibice by'inyuma nka carboxyl cyangwa phenolic. Ibi bishobora kubaho nk'ibisubizo cyangwa ikwirakwizwa rya colloidal, bigira ingaruka zidasanzwe iyo bifatanye n'amahuriro. Muri ibyo bihe, uduce twinshi dukwirakwira mu cyiciro cy'amavuta maze tukirundanya ku mahuriro y'amavuta n'amazi, tugahuza n'amatsinda yabyo y'ibice by'inyuma yerekeza ku mazi. Bityo, urwego rw'ubuso ruhamye rukora, rumeze nk'agahu gakomeye kameze nk'urukuta rw'uduce cyangwa parafini. Ku maso y'umuntu, ibi bigaragara nk'igitambaro gipfundikiye urukuta rw'ubuso. Ubu buryo busobanura gusaza kw'amahuriro y'amavuta mabi n'ingorane yo kuyamenagura.
Mu myaka ya vuba aha, ubushakashatsi ku buryo bwo gukuraho amavuta ahumanya bwibanze cyane ku bushakashatsi burambuye ku mikorere y’ibitonyanga n’ingaruka za demulsifiers ku miterere y’urusobe rw’amaraso. Nyamara kubera ko imikorere ya demulsifiers kuri emulsifiers igoye cyane, kandi nubwo hari ubushakashatsi bwinshi muri uru rwego, nta gitekerezo kimwe cy’uburyo bwo gukuraho amavuta cyagaragaye.
Uburyo butandukanye buzwi ubu:
③ Uburyo bwo gushonga – Molekyule imwe cyangwa molekyule nke za demulsifier zishobora gukora micelles; izi micelles cyangwa micelles zishonga molekyuli za emulsifier, bigatuma peteroli ya emulsified icika burundu.
④ Uburyo bwo guhindura imiterere y’amazi buzinze – Ibipimo bya microscope bigaragaza ko emulsion za W/O zifite ibikonoshwa by’amazi bibiri cyangwa byinshi, hamwe n’ibikonoshwa by’amavuta biri hagati yabyo. Kubera ingaruka zihuriweho zo gushyushya, gukurura, no gukuramo ibinure, ibice by’imbere by’ibitonyanga birahuzwa, bigatera guhuza ibitonyanga no gukuramo ibinure.
Byongeye kandi, ubushakashatsi bwo mu gihugu ku buryo bwo gukuramo amavuta mu buryo bwa O/W bugaragaza ko icyuma gikurura amavuta kigomba kuba cyujuje ibi bikurikira: imikorere ikomeye y'ubuso; ubushobozi bwiza bwo kunywesha; imbaraga zihagije zo gukurura amazi; hamwe n'ubushobozi bwo guhuza neza.
Imashini zikuraho uburozi zigira ubwoko bwinshi; zishyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe ubwoko bwa surfactant, zirimo ubwoko bwa cationic, anionic, nonionic, na zwitterionic.
Imashini zigabanya ubukana bw'ibinure: karubokisilate, sulfonates, esters za polyoxyethylene fatty acid sulfate, n'ibindi—ibibi birimo dose nyinshi, ubushobozi buke, no kuba umuntu ashobora kugabanuka mu mikorere ye iyo hari electrolytes.
Imashini zigabanya ubushyuhe mu mubiri: cyane cyane umunyu wa ammonium wa quaternary—zikora neza ku mavuta yoroheje ariko ntizikoreshwa ku mavuta akomeye cyangwa ashaje.
Ibikoresho byo gukuramo imyuka bitari iy'ionic: ibikoresho byo gukuramo imyuka byatangijwe na amine; ibikoresho byo gukuramo imyuka byatangijwe na alkoholi; ibikoresho byo gukuramo imyuka bya alkylphenol-formaldehyde; ibikoresho byo gukuramo imyuka bya phenol-amine-formaldehyde; ibikoresho byo gukuramo imyuka bishingiye kuri silikoni; ibikoresho byo gukuramo imyuka bifite uburemere bwinshi; polyphosphate; ibikoresho byo gukuramo imyuka byahinduwe; na ibikoresho byo gukuramo imyuka bya zwitterionic bihagarariwe na ibikoresho byo gukuramo imyuka bishingiye kuri imidazoline.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-04-2025