1 Mazano Ekugadzira Magadzirirwo Ezvinhu Zvinoshandiswa Mukuchenesa Zvinobva Mumvura
1.1 Kusarudzwa kweMasisitimu
Masisitimu ekuchenesa anoshandiswa mumvura anogona kukamurwa kuita mhando nhatu: dzisina kusimba, dzine acidic, uye dzine alkaline.
Mishonga yekuchenesa isina kupindirana inoshandiswa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzisingarapike neacids nealkalis. Maitiro ekuchenesa anonyanya kushandisa kubatanidza mishonga yekuchenesa uye masurfactants kubvisa tsvina kubva pamusoro pezvinhu zviri pasi pevhu.
Kuchenesa zvine acid kunowanzo shandiswa kubvisa ngura uye kubvisa simbi dzine oxide scale. Hapana akawanda ma auxiliaries anowanikwa pasi pe acidic conditions. Kuchenesa zvine acid kunonyanya kushandisa reaction iri pakati pe acid ne ngura kana oxide scale pamusoro pesimbi kubvisa tsvina. Panguva imwe chete, ma auxiliaries nema surfactants anoshandiswa kusanganisa uye kuparadzira tsvina yakacheneswa kuti azadzise chinangwa chekuchenesa. Ma acid anowanzoshandiswa anosanganisira nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, acetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, boric acid, nezvimwewo. Kuchenesa zvine acid kunonyanya kushandiswa mukuchenesa kwemaindasitiri. Nekuti alkali pachayo inogona kusponify mafuta emuriwo kuti igadzire hydrophilic saponified substances, yakakodzera kuchenesa mavara emafuta. Ma alkali anoshandiswa anosanganisira NaOH, KOH, sodium carbonate, ammonia water, alkanolamines, nezvimwewo.
1.2 Kusarudzwa Kwemabatsiri
Mukuchenesa kwemaindasitiri, tinotaura nezvezvinhu zvinobatsira pakuchenesa sezvinhu zvinobatsira pakuchenesa, zvinosanganisira zvinoparadzira chelating, zvinodzivisa ngura, zvinobvisa mafungu, zvinouraya fungicides, kugadzirira maenzyme, zvinosimbisa pH, nezvimwewo. Zvinhu zvinobatsira zvinowanzo shandiswa zvakakamurwa muzvikamu zvinotevera:
Chelating dispersants: phosphates (sodium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium metaphosphate, sodium phosphate, nezvimwewo), organic phosphates (ATMP, HEDP, EDTMP, nezvimwewo), alkanolamines (triethanolamine, diethanolamine, monoethanolamine, isopropanolamine, nezvimwewo), amino carboxylates (NTA, EDTA, nezvimwewo), hydroxyl carboxylates (citrates, tartrates, gluconates, nezvimwewo), polyacrylic acid nezvimwe zvinobva mairi (maleic-acrylic copolymer), nezvimwewo;
Zvinodzivisa ngura: mhando yefirimu re oxide (chromates, nitrites, molybdates, tungstates, borates, nezvimwewo), mhando yefirimu remvura (phosphates, carbonates, hydroxides, nezvimwewo), mhando yefirimu re adsorption (silicates, organic amines, organic carboxylic acids, petroleum sulfonates, thiourea, urotropine, imidazoles, thiazoles, benzotriazoles, nezvimwewo);
Zvishandiso zvekudzivirira ngura: organosilicon, polyether modified organosilicon, zvishandiso zvekudzivirira ngura zvisina silicon, nezvimwewo.
1.3 Kusarudzwa kweSurfactants
Ma surfactants anoita basa rakakosha mukuchenesa kwemaindasitiri. Anogona kuderedza kushushikana kwenzvimbo, kuvandudza kupenya kwechinhu, uye kubvumira mushonga wekuchenesa kuti ukurumidze kupinda mukati mevhu. Anewo simba rekuparadzanisa uye kusanganisa mafuta acheneswa.
Ma-surfactant anoshandiswa zvakanyanya akakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvinotevera:
Zvisiri zveionic: alkylphenol ethoxylates (NP/OP/ TX series), fatty alcohol ethoxylates (AEO series), isomeric alcohol ethoxylates (XL/XP/TO series), secondary alcohol ethoxylates (SAEO series), polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene ether series (PE/RPE series), alkyl polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene, polyoxyethylene ether capped series, fatty acid polyoxyethylene esters (EL), fatty amine polyoxyethylene ethers (AC), acetylenic diol ethoxylates, alkyl glycosides series, nezvimwewo;
Anionic: sulfonates (alkylbenzene sulfonates LAS, α-olefin sulfonates AOS, alkyl sulfonates SAS, succinate sulfonates OT, fatty acid ester sulfonates MES, nezvimwewo), sulfate esters (K12, AES, nezvimwewo), phosphate esters (alkyl phosphates, fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether phosphates, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether phosphates, nezvimwewo), carboxylates (fatty acid salts, nezvimwewo);
Cationic: quaternary ammonium salts (1631, 1231, nezvimwewo);
MaAmphoteric ions: betaines (BS, CAB, nezvimwewo), amino acids; ammonium oxides (OB, nezvimwewo), imidazolines.
Nguva yekutumira: Ndira-16-2026