Kunyorova, zvinodiwa: HLB: 7-9
Kunyorovesa kunotsanangurwa sechiitiko apo gasi rinonyungudutswa pamusoro pechinhu chakasimba rinobviswa nemvura. Zvinhu zvinogona kuwedzera kugona uku kwekunyorovesa zvinonzi wetting agents. Kunyorovesa kunowanzoiswa muzvikamu zvitatu: kunyorovesa kwekubatana (kunamatira), kunyorovesa kwemvura (kunyorovesa kwemvura), uye kunyorovesa kwemvura (kuparadzira). Pakati peizvi, kunyorovesa kunomiririra mwero wepamusoro wekunyorovesa, uye chiyero chekupararira chinowanzo shandiswa sechiratidzo chekuongorora kushanda kwemvura pakati pemasisitimu akasiyana. Pamusoro pezvo, kona yekubatana nayo zvakare ndiyo nzira yekutonga mhando yekunyorovesa. Masurfactants anogona kushandiswa kudzora mwero wekunyorovesa pakati pezvikamu zvemvura nezvakasimba.
Muindasitiri yemishonga yezvipembenene, mamwe ma granular formulations neguruva rehupfu anewo huwandu hwakati hwema surfactants. Chinangwa chavo ndechekuvandudza kunamira uye huwandu hwemushonga wezvipembenene panzvimbo yakatarwa, kukurumidzisa kuburitswa uye kuwedzera nzvimbo yekupararira kwemishonga inoshanda mumamiriro ekunze ane hunyoro, nokudaro zvichiwedzera kushanda kwekudzivirira nekurapa zvirwere.
Muindasitiri yezvizoro, ma surfactants anoshanda se emulsifiers uye zvinhu zvakakosha muzvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza ganda zvakaita semakirimu, mafuta ekuzora, zvinochenesa kumeso uye zvinobvisa makeup.
Micelles uye Solubilization,zvinodiwa: C > CMC (HLB 13–18)
Kuwanda kushoma uko mamorekuru esurfactant anosangana kuti aumbe micelles. Kana kuwanda kwacho kwapfuura CMC value, mamorekuru esurfactant anozvironga kuita maumbirwo akadai sedenderedzwa, rakaita serodhi, rakaita selamellar, kana kuti rakaita seplate.
Masisitimu ekunyungudutsa mvura (solubilization systems) ndiwo masisitimu ekuenzanisa ethermodynamic. Kana CMC yakaderera uye kana mubatanidzwa wakakwira, huwandu hwekuwedzera hunowedzera (MAC). Mhedzisiro yetembiricha pakunyungudutsa mvura (solubilization) inoonekwa muzvikamu zvitatu: inokanganisa kuumbwa kwe micelle, kunyunguduka kwe solubilizates, uye kunyunguduka kwe surfactants pachavo. Kune ionic surfactants, kunyunguduka kwavo kunowedzera zvakanyanya nekupisa kunowedzera, uye tembiricha panoitika kuwedzera uku kunonzi Krafft point. Kana Krafft point yakakwira, huwandu hwe critical micelle hunowedzerawo.
Kune masurfactants e-polyoxyethylene nonionic, kana tembiricha yakwira kusvika padanho rakati, kunyungudika kwawo kunoderera zvakanyanya uye mvura inonaya, zvichiita kuti mhinduro iite matope. Ichi chiitiko chinozivikanwa se clouding, uye tembiricha inoenderana nayo inonzi cloud point. Kune masurfactants ane urefu hwakafanana hwe polyoxyethylene cheni, kureba kwe hydrocarbon cheni, nzvimbo yegore yakaderera; zvakasiyana, nehurefu hwakafanana hwe hydrocarbon cheni, kureba kwe polyoxyethylene cheni, nzvimbo yegore yakakwirira.
Zvinhu zvisiri zvepolar organic (semuenzaniso, benzene) zvine kunyungudika kwakaderera mumvura. Zvisinei, kuwedzera ma surfactants akadai se sodium oleate kunogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya kunyungudika kwe benzene mumvura—maitiro anonzi kunyungudika. Kunyungudika kwakasiyana nekunyungudika kwakajairika: benzene yakanyungudika haina kupararira zvakaenzana mumamorekuru emvura asi yakavharirwa mukati me micelles inoumbwa nema oleate ions. Zvidzidzo zve X-ray diffraction zvakasimbisa kuti mhando dzese dze micelles dzinokura kusvika padanho rakasiyana mushure mekunyungudika, nepo hunhu hwe colligative hwemhinduro yese huchiri kusanduka zvakanyanya.
Sezvo kuwanda kwemasurfactants mumvura kuchiwedzera, mamorekuru esurfactant anoungana pamusoro pemvura kuti agadzire layer yemonomolecular yakabatana, yakatarisana. Mamorekuru akawandisa muchikamu chebulk anosangana pamwe chete nemapoka avo e hydrophobic akatarisana mukati, zvichigadzira micelles. Kuwanda kushoma kunodiwa kuti pave nekuumbwa kwemicelle kunotsanangurwa se critical micelle concentration (CMC). Pakuwanda uku, mhinduro inosiyana nemaitiro akanaka, uye nzvimbo yakasiyana ye inflection inoonekwa pa surface tension vs. concentration curve. Kuwedzera kuwedzera kwe surfactant concentration hakuzodzikisi kumanikidzwa kwepamusoro; panzvimbo pezvo, zvichakurudzira kukura nekuwanda kwe micelles muchikamu chebulk.
Kana mamorekuru esurfactant akapararira mu solution osvika pa threshold chaiyo ye concentration, anobatanidzwa kubva kuma monomers ega ega (ions kana mamorekuru) kuita colloidal aggregates anonzi micelles. Kuchinja uku kunokonzera shanduko dzinongoerekana dzaitika mu physical uye chemical properties ye solution, uye concentration inoitika iCMC. Maitiro ekuumbwa kwe micelle anonzi micellization.
Kuumbwa kwe micelles mu aqueous surfactant solutions inzira inoenderana nehuwandu. Mu diluted zvakanyanya solutions, mvura nemhepo zvinenge zviri pedyo nekubatana zvakananga, saka surface tension inoderera zvishoma, ichiramba iri pedyo neiyo yemvura yakachena, nema surfactant molecules mashoma akapararira mu bulk phase. Sezvo surfactant complexity ichiwedzera zvine mwero, mamorekuru anokurumidza kupinda pamusoro pemvura, zvichideredza nzvimbo yekubatana pakati pemvura nemhepo uye zvichikonzera kudonha kwakanyanya kwe surface tension. Panguva iyi, mamwe ma surfactant molecules mu bulk phase anosangana pamwe chete ne hydrophobic groups dzavo, vachiumba ma micelles madiki.
Sezvo huwandu huchiramba huchikwira uye mhinduro yacho ichisvika pakunyoroveswa kwemvura, firimu remonomolecular rakaungana rinoumbwa pamusoro pemvura. Kana huwandu hwacho hwasvika paCMC, kumanikidzwa kwemvura pamusoro pemvura kunosvika padanho rayo risingakoshi. Kupfuura CMC, kuwedzera huwandu hwemvura inonyunguduka hakukanganisi kushushikana kwemvura pamusoro; panzvimbo pezvo, kunowedzera huwandu nehukuru hwemamicelles muchikamu chikuru. Mhinduro yacho inobva yatongwa nemamicelles, ayo anoshanda sema microreactors mukugadzirwa kwe nanopowders. Nekuwedzera kwehuwandu, sisitimu inochinja zvishoma nezvishoma kuenda kumamiriro emvura anonyunguduka.
Kana huwandu hwemvura inonyungudutsa mvura hukasvika paCMC, kuumbwa kwe micelles kunova pachena nekuwedzera kwehuwandu. Izvi zvinoratidzwa ne inflection point mu surface tension vs. log concentration curve (γ–log c curve), pamwe chete nekubuda kwezvimiro zvemuviri nemakemikari zvisina kunaka mumushonga.
Micelles dzeIonic surfactant dzine macharges epamusoro. Nekuda kwekukwezvwa nemagetsi, macounterions anokwezvwa nepamusoro pe micelle, zvichideredza chikamu che positive ne negative charges. Zvisinei, kana micelles dzaumba zvivakwa zvine macharges akawanda, simba rekudzora remhepo ye ionic inoumbwa nemacounterions rinowedzera zvakanyanya - chinhu chinogona kushandiswa kugadzirisa kupararira kwe nanopowders. Nekuda kwezvikonzero izvi zviviri, conductivity yakafanana yemhinduro inoderera nekukurumidza nekuwedzera kwe concentration kupfuura CMC, zvichiita kuti poindi iyi ive nzira yakavimbika yekuona critical micelle concentration ye surfactants.
Maumbirwo emamicelles eionic surfactant anowanzova akaita sedenderedzwa, ane zvikamu zvitatu: musimboti, goko, uye double layer yemagetsi inopararira. Musimboti wacho unoumbwa nemacheni ehydrophobic hydrocarbon, akafanana nemahydrocarbon emvura, ane dhayamita inotangira pa1 kusvika 2.8 nm. Mapoka emethylene (-CH₂-) ari pedyo nemapoka epolar head ane partial polarity, achichengeta mamwe mamorekuru emvura akakomberedza musimboti. Saka, musimboti wemicelle unemvura yakawanda yakavharirwa, uye mapoka aya e -CH₂- haana kusanganiswa zvizere nepakati pehydrocarbon yakaita semvura asi panzvimbo pezvo anoumba chikamu chegoko re micelle risiri remvura.
Goko reMicelle rinozivikanwawo seMicelle-water interface kana kuti surface phase. Harirevi macroscopic interface iri pakati pemicelles nemvura asi nzvimbo iri pakati pemicelles ne monomeric aqueous surfactant solution. Kune ionic surfactant micelles, goko rinoumbwa neStern layer iri mukati (kana fixed adsorption layer) ye electric double layer, ine ukobvu hweinenge 0.2 kusvika 0.3 nm. Goko iri harina chete ionic head groups ye surfactants uye chikamu che bound counterions asiwo hydration layer nekuda kwe hydration yemaion aya. Goko reMicelle harisi pamusoro wakatsetseka asi panzvimbo pezvo i "rough" interface, zvinokonzerwa nekuchinja-chinja kunokonzerwa nekufamba kwekupisa kwemamorekuru e surfactant monomer.
Munzvimbo dzisina mvura (dzinobva mumafuta), uko mamorekuru emafuta anowanda, mapoka emvura anonyungudutsa esurfactants anoungana mukati kuti agadzire polar core, nepo hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains ichiumba goko rekunze re micelle. Rudzi urwu rwe micelle rune chimiro chakadzoserwa shure kana tichienzanisa ne microsoft aqueous micelles uye nekudaro runonzi reverse micelle; Kusiyana neizvi, micelles dzakaumbwa mumvura dzinonzi normal micelles. Mufananidzo 4 unoratidza muenzaniso we reverse micelles dzakaumbwa ne surfactants mu non-aqueous solutions. Mumakore achangopfuura, reverse micelles dzakashandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira nekugadzira nanoscale drug carriers, kunyanya pakuputira hydrophilic drugs.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-26-2025