Maitiro ekubvisa mafuta asina kuchena anobva mumutemo wekuchinja-chinja-kuchinja-chinja. Kana demulsifier yawedzerwa, kuchinja kwechikamu kunoitika: ma surfactants anokwanisa kugadzira emulsion yemhando yakatarisana neiyo inoumbwa ne emulsifier (inozivikanwa se reverse-phase demulsifiers) anovapo. Ma demulsifier akadaro anoita nema hydrophobic emulsifiers kuti agadzire ma complexes, nokudaro achibvisa emulsifier simba rayo rekubvisa emulsifier.
Imwe nzira ndeyekuputika kwefirimu remukati memuviri kunokonzerwa nekubonderana. Kana paine kupisa kana kukanganiswa, demulsifier ine mukana wakakwana wekubonderana nefirimu remukati memuviri, ingave ichinamira pairi kana kubvisa nekutsiva zvikamu zvezvinhu zvinoshanda pamusoro, nokudaro zvichipwanya firimu. Izvi zvinoderedza kugadzikana zvakanyanya, zvichikonzera kupwanyika uye kubatana kunotungamira kukubvisa musanganiswa.
Mafuta asina kucheneswa anowanzo buda mukugadzirwa nekucheneswa kwemafuta. Mafuta mazhinji asina kucheneswa pasi rose anowanikwa ari muchimiro che emulsified. Emulsion ine zvinwiwa zviviri zvisingasanganisike, chimwe chazvo chakapararira zvakanaka—madonhwe anenge 1 μm mudhayamita—mukati mechimwe.
Chimwe chezvinwiwa izvi chinowanzova mvura, chimwe chinowanzova mafuta. Oiri inogona kuparadzirwa zvakanaka mumvura zvekuti emulsion inova rudzi rwemafuta-mu-mvura (O/W), uko mvura iri chikamu chinoenderera mberi uye oiri chikamu chinopararira. Kusiyana neizvi, kana oiri ikaumba chikamu chinoenderera mberi uye yodiridza chikamu chinopararira, emulsion imhando yemvura-mu-mafuta (W/O)—mazhinji emafuta asina kuchena ari muchikamu ichi chekupedzisira.
Mamorekuru emvura anokweverana, sezvinoita mamorekuru emafuta; asi pakati pemvura nemamorekuru emafuta pane simba rinodzongonyedza rinoshanda panzvimbo yaro. Kusimba kwemvura kunoderedza nzvimbo yekubatana, saka madonhwe ari muW/O emulsion anowanzoita sesphericity. Uyezve, madonhwe ega ega anofarira kuungana, uko nzvimbo yese yekumusoro iri diki pane huwandu hwenzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemadonhwe. Saka, emulsion yemvura yakachena nemafuta akachena haina kugadzikana: chikamu chakapararira chinokwevera kukubatana, chichiita zvikamu zviviri zvakaparadzana kana interfacial repulsion yadziviswa—semuenzaniso, nekuunganidzwa kwemakemikari akakosha panzvimbo, izvo zvinoderedza kusimba kwenzvimbo. Muhunyanzvi, mashandisirwo mazhinji anoshandisa izvi nekuwedzera emulsifiers anozivikanwa kuti agadzire emulsions dzakagadzikana. Chero chinhu chinodzikamisa emulsion nenzira iyi chinofanira kunge chine chimiro chemakemikari chinogonesa kudyidzana panguva imwe chete nemamorekuru emvura nemafuta—ndiko kuti, chinofanira kunge chine boka rinopopota uye boka rinopopota.
Ma emulsion emafuta asina kuchena anokonzerwa nezvinhu zvakasikwa zviri mumafuta, zvinowanzova nemapoka e polar akadai se carboxyl kana phenolic groups. Izvi zvinogona kuvapo semhinduro kana colloidal dispersions, zvichishandisa simba rakanyanya kana zvakabatana ne interfaces. Muzviitiko zvakadaro, zvidimbu zvakawanda zvinopararira muchikamu chemafuta uye zvinoungana pa oil-water interface, zvichibatana nemapoka avo e polar akatarisana nemvura. Saka physical stable interfacial layer inoumbwa, yakafanana ne solid sheath yakafanana ne particulate layer kana paraffin crystal lattice. Kune ziso rega rega, izvi zvinoonekwa se coating inoputira interface layer. Iyi nzira inotsanangura kukwegura kwe crude oil emulsions uye kuoma kwekupwanya.
Mumakore achangopfuura, tsvakiridzo pamusoro penzira dzekubvisa musanganiswa wemafuta asina kucheneswa yakatarisana zvakanyanya nekuferefeta kwakanyatsojeka kwemaitiro ekubatanidza madonhwe uye kukanganisa kwezvinobvisa musanganiswa wemasero pahutano hwe rheological hwe interfacial. Asi nekuda kwekuti mashandiro ezvinobvisa musanganiswa pa emulsions akaomarara, uye pasinei nezvidzidzo zvakawanda munharaunda iyi, hapana dzidziso yakabatana yenzira yekubvisa musanganiswa wemasero yakabuda.
Nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dziri kuzivikanwa pari zvino:
③ Maitiro ekunyungudutsa – Morekuru rimwe chete kana mamorekuru mashoma e demulsifier anogona kuumba micelles; macromolecular coils aya kana micelles anonyungudutsa mamorekuru e emulsifier, zvichikonzera kuparara kwe emulsified crude oil.
④ Maitiro ekupeta-kupeta– Kuongororwa kwemicroscopic kunoratidza kuti W/O emulsions ine magoko emvura maviri kana akawanda, ane magoko emafuta akasungirirwa pakati pawo. Pasi pemhedzisiro yakabatana yekupisa, kusanganisa, uye demulsifier action, zvikamu zvemukati zvemadonhwe zvinobatana, zvichikonzera kubatana kwemadonhwe uye demulsification.
Pamusoro pezvo, tsvakiridzo yemuno pamusoro penzira dzekubvisa munyu mumasisitimu emafuta asina kucheneswa eO/W inoratidza kuti demulsifier yakakodzera inofanira kuzadzisa zvinotevera: kushanda kwakasimba pamusoro; kushanda zvakanaka kwekunyorovesa; simba rakakwana rekufambisa mvura; uye kugona kubatana zvakanaka.
Ma demulsifiers anouya mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana; akarongwa nemarudzi e surfactant, anosanganisira cationic, anionic, nonionic, uye zwitterionic.
Zvidziviriro zveAnionic: macarboxylates, masulfonates, mapolyoxyethylene fatty acid sulfate esters, nezvimwewo—zvakaipa zvinosanganisira dosage yakawanda, kushanda zvisina kunaka, uye mukana wekudzikira kwekushanda kana paine ma electrolytes.
Zvidziviriro zveCationic: zvinonyanya kushandiswa munyu weammonium wequaternary—zvinoshanda pamafuta akareruka asi hazvina kukodzera mafuta akaremara kana kuti akwegura.
Zvidziviriri zveNonionic: ma "block copolymers" anotangwa nemaamine; ma "block copolymers" anotangwa nema "alcohols"; ma "alkylphenol-formaldehyde resin block copolymers"; ma "phenol-amine-formaldehyde resin block copolymers"; ma "silicone-based demulsifiers"; ma "ultra-high molecular weight demulsifiers"; ma "polyphosphates"; ma "modified block copolymers"; uye ma "zwitterionic demulsifiers" anomiririrwa nema "imidazoline-based crude oil demulsifiers".
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-04-2025