Fikradaha naqshadeynta ee loogu talagalay qaacidooyinka wakiilka nadiifinta ee ku salaysan biyaha

1 Fikradaha Naqshadaynta Qaabaynta ee Wakiilada Nadiifinta Biyaha ku salaysan

1.1 Xulashada Nidaamyada

Nidaamyada nadiifinta ee caadiga ah ee ku salaysan biyaha waxaa loo qaybin karaa saddex nooc: dhexdhexaad, aashito, iyo alkaline.

Walxaha nadiifinta ee dhexdhexaadka ah waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa meelaha aan u adkaysan karin asiidhyada iyo alkalis. Habka nadiifinta wuxuu inta badan adeegsadaa isku-darka kaaliyaha nadiifinta iyo surfactants si looga saaro wasakhda dusha sare ee substrate-ka.

Nadiifinta aashitada waxaa guud ahaan loo isticmaalaa ka saarista miridhku iyo ka saarista miisaanka oksaydhka ee biraha. Ma jiraan kaaliyeyaal badan oo la heli karo xaaladaha aashitada. Nadiifinta aashitada waxay inta badan isticmaashaa falcelinta u dhaxaysa aashitada iyo miridhku ama miisaanka oksaydhka ee dusha sare ee birta si loo diiriyo wasakhda. Isla mar ahaantaana, kaaliyeyaal iyo surfactants ayaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu emulsiyo oo lagu kala firdhiyo wasakhda la nadiifiyey si loo gaaro ujeeddada nadiifinta. Aashitada sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo waxaa ka mid ah aashitada nitric, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, acetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, boric acid, iwm. Nadiifinta alkaline waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa nadiifinta warshadaha. Sababtoo ah alkali lafteedu waxay saponize kartaa saliidaha khudradda si ay u sameeyaan walxo hydrophilic saponified saponified ah, aad bay ugu habboon tahay nadiifinta wasakhda saliidda. Alkalisyada sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo waxaa ka mid ah NaOH, KOH, sodium carbonate, biyaha ammonia, alkanolamines, iwm.

1.2 Xulashada Kaaliyeyaasha

Nadiifinta warshadaha, waxaan tixraacnaa waxyaabaha lagu daro ee waxtar u leh saameynta nadiifinta sida kaaliyeyaal nadiifin, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan kala-firdhiyeyaasha chelating, ka-hortagga miridhka, defoamers, fungicides jeermiska dila, diyaarinta ensaymka, xasiliyeyaasha pH, iwm. Kaaliyeyaasha caadiga ah ee la isticmaalo waxaa loo qaybiyaa qaybaha soo socda:

Kala-baxa Chelating: fosfates (sodium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium metaphosphate, sodium phosphate, iwm.), fosfates organic (ATMP, HEDP, EDTMP, iwm.), alkanolamines (triethanolamine, diethanolamine, monoethanolamine, isopropanolamine, iwm.), amino carboxylates (NTA, EDTA, iwm.), hydroxyl carboxylates (citrates, tartrates, gluconates, iwm.), polyacrylic acid iyo waxyaabaha ka soo baxa (maleic-acrylic copolymer), iwm.;

Ka-hortagga daxalka: nooca filimka oksaydhka (chromates, nitrites, molybdates, tungstates, borates, iwm.), nooca filimka roobka (phosphates, carbonates, hydroxides, iwm.), nooca filimka nuugista (silicates, amino organic, acids carboxylic organic, petroleum sulfonates, thiourea, urotropine, imidazoles, thiazoles, benzotriazoles, iwm.);

Qalabka qaboojinta: organosilicon, organosilicon-ka polyether-ka ee wax laga beddelay, qalabka qaboojinta ee aan silicon-ka lahayn, iwm.

1.3 Xulashada Dareeraha Biyaha

Duufaanta waxay door aad muhiim u ah ka ciyaaraan nadiifinta warshadaha. Waxay yareyn karaan xiisadda dusha sare ee nidaamka, waxay hagaajin karaan u-gudbinta badeecada, waxayna u oggolaan karaan wakiilka nadiifinta inuu si dhakhso ah u galo gudaha wasakhda. Waxay sidoo kale saameyn ku leeyihiin kala-baxa iyo emulsion-ka wasakhda saliidda ee la nadiifiyey.

Surfactants-ka caadiga ah ee la isticmaalo waxaa loo qaybiyaa qaybaha soo socda:

Aan ionic ahayn: alkylphenol ethoxylates (taxanaha NP/OP/ TX), ethoxylates-ka dufanka leh (taxanaha AEO), ethoxylates-ka isomeric alcohol ethoxylates (taxanaha XL/XP/TO), ethoxylates-ka khamriga labaad (taxanaha SAEO), taxanaha ether-ka polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene (taxanaha PE/RPE), alkyl polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene, taxanaha polyoxyethylene ether ee daboolan, ester-ka polyoxyethylene ee dufanka leh (EL), ethers-ka amine-ka dufanka leh (AC), ethoxylates-ka acetylenic diol ethoxylates, taxanaha alkyl glycosides, iwm.;

Anionic: sulfonates (alkylbenzene sulfonates LAS, α-olefin sulfonates AOS, alkyl sulfonates SAS, succinate sulfonates OT, fatty acid ester sulfonates MES, iwm.), sulfate esters (K12, AES, iwm.), phosphate esters (alkyl fosfosfat, polyoxyethylene ether fosfosfat, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether fosfosfat, iwm.), carboxylates (cusbo aashitada dufanka leh, iwm.);

Cationic: cusbada ammonium ee quaternary (1631, 1231, iwm.);
Aayoonnada Amphoteric: betaines (BS, CAB, iwm.), amino acids; ammonium oxides (OB, iwm.), imidazolines.