Shaambo waa badeeco loo isticmaalo nolol maalmeedka dadka si looga saaro wasakhda madaxa iyo timaha loona ilaaliyo madaxa iyo timaha nadiif ah. Waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan ee shaambodu waa surfactants (loo yaqaan surfactants), dhumuc-saareyaal, qaboojiyeyaal, ilaaliyayaal, iwm. Waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan waa surfactants. Hawlaha surfactants waxaa ka mid ah nadiifinta, xumbo-saaridda, xakamaynta dhaqanka rheological, iyo jilicsanaanta maqaarka, laakiin sidoo kale waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaartaa cationic flocculation. Sababtoo ah polymer-ka cationic waxaa lagu shubi karaa timaha, geeddi-socodku wuxuu si dhow ula xiriiraa dhaqdhaqaaqa dusha sare, dhaqdhaqaaqa dusha sarena wuxuu kaloo ka caawiyaa dhigista qaybaha kale ee faa'iidada leh (sida emulsion silicone, firfircoonida ka hortagga qolofta). Beddelka nidaamka surfactant ama beddelidda heerarka elektrolytka waxay had iyo jeer sababi doontaa falcelin silsilad ah oo saameynta polymer-ka ee shaambo.
1.Hawsha miiska SLES
SLS waxay leedahay saameyn qoyaan wanaagsan, waxay soo saari kartaa xumbo qani ah, waxayna u janjeertaa inay soo saarto xumbo iftiin leh. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay leedahay isdhexgal xooggan oo borotiinno ah waxayna aad u dhibaysaa maqaarka, sidaa darteed si dhif ah ayaa loogu isticmaalaa inay noqoto dhaqdhaqaaqa dusha sare. Waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan ee firfircoon ee hadda jira ee shaambooyadu waa SLES. Saamaynta nuugista ee SLES ee maqaarka iyo timaha ayaa si cad uga hooseysa tan SLS ee u dhiganta. Badeecadaha SLES ee leh heer sare oo ethoxylation ah dhab ahaantii ma yeelan doonaan saameyn nuugis ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, xumbada SLES Waxay leedahay xasillooni wanaagsan iyo iska caabin xooggan oo biyaha adag. Maqaarka, gaar ahaan xuubka xuubka, aad ayuu ugu dulqaad badan yahay SLES marka loo eego SLS. Sodium laureth sulfate iyo ammonium laureth sulfate waa labada surfactants SLES ee ugu isticmaalka badan suuqa. Cilmi-baaris ay sameeyeen Long Zhike iyo kuwa kale ayaa lagu ogaaday in laureth sulfate amine uu leeyahay dheellitir xumbo oo sarreeya, xasillooni xumbo wanaagsan, mug xumbo dhexdhexaad ah, saabuun wanaagsan, iyo timo jilicsan ka dib dhaqidda, laakiin laureth sulfate ammonium milix. Gaaska ammonium waa la kala saari doonaa xaaladaha alkaline, sidaa darteed sodium laureth sulfate, oo u baahan baaxad pH oo ballaaran, ayaa si ballaaran loo isticmaalaa, laakiin sidoo kale waa ka xanaaq badan milixda ammonium. Tirada cutubyada ethoxy SLES badanaa waxay u dhaxaysaa 1 iyo 5 cutub. Ku darista kooxaha ethoxy waxay yareyn doontaa fiirsashada micelle ee muhiimka ah (CMC) ee sulfate surfactants. Hoos u dhaca ugu weyn ee CMC wuxuu dhacaa ka dib marka lagu daro hal koox ethoxy ah, halka ka dib marka lagu daro 2 ilaa 4 kooxood oo ethoxy ah, hoos u dhacu aad ayuu u hooseeyaa. Marka cutubyada ethoxy ay kordhaan, iswaafajinta AES ee maqaarka ayaa soo hagaagaysa, ku dhawaadna ma jirto cuncun maqaar oo lagu arkay SLES oo ka kooban qiyaastii 10 cutub oo ethoxy ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, soo bandhigidda kooxaha ethoxy waxay kordhisaa milmida surfactant-ka, taas oo carqaladeynaysa dhismaha dheellitirka, sidaa darteed waxaa loo baahan yahay in la helo dheelitirnaan. Shaambooyin ganacsi oo badan ayaa isticmaala SLES oo leh celcelis ahaan 1 ilaa 3 unug oo ethoxy ah.
Marka la soo koobo, SLES waa mid kharash-ool ah marka la isticmaalayo shaambooyada. Ma aha oo kaliya inay leedahay xumbo qani ah, iska caabin xooggan oo biyaha adag, way fududahay in la qaro, waxayna leedahay cationic flocculation degdeg ah, sidaas darteed wali waa surfactant-ka ugu weyn ee shaambooyada hadda jira.
2. Waxyaabaha sunta ah ee amino acid-ka
Sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, maadaama SLES ay ka kooban tahay dioxane, macaamiishu waxay u jeesteen nidaamyada surfactant-ka ee fudud, sida nidaamyada surfactant-ka amino acid, nidaamyada surfactant-ka alkyl glycoside, iwm.
Waxyaabaha surfactants-ka amino acid-ka waxaa inta badan loo qaybiyaa glutamate acyl, N-acyl sarcosinate, N-methylacyl taurate, iwm.
2.1 Acyl glutamate
Glutamate-ka Acyl waxaa loo qaybiyaa cusbo monosodium ah iyo cusbo disodium ah. Xalka biyaha ee milixda monosodium waa asiidh, xalka biyaha ee milixda disodium-na waa alkaline. Nidaamka surfactant-ka acyl glutamate wuxuu leeyahay awood ku habboon oo xumbo lagu sameeyo, sifooyin qoyaan iyo dhaqid ah, iyo iska caabbinta biyaha adag oo ka wanaagsan ama la mid ah SLES. Aad ayuu u ammaan badan yahay, ma keeni doono cuncun maqaarka oo daran iyo dareen-celin, wuxuuna leeyahay sunta sawir-qaadista oo hooseysa. , cuncunka hal mar ah ee xuubka indhaha waa mid khafiif ah, cuncunka maqaarka dhaawacan (qaybta tirada badan ee xalka 5%) wuxuu u dhow yahay kan biyaha. Glutamate-ka acyl glutamate ee aadka u matala waa glutamate-ka disodium cocoyl. . Glutamate-ka disodium cocoyl waxaa laga sameeyay asiidh qumbaha dabiiciga ah oo aad u ammaan ah iyo asiidh glutamic ah ka dib acyl chloride. Li Qiang et al. waxay ka heleen "Cilmi-baaris ku saabsan Isticmaalka Disodium Cocoyl Glutamate ee Shaamboo-la'aanta Silicone" in ku darista glutamate-ka disodium cocoyl ee nidaamka SLES ay hagaajin karto awoodda xumbo ee nidaamka waxayna yareyn kartaa calaamadaha u eg SLES. Cuncunka shaambo. Marka qodobka milmidu uu ahaa 10 jeer, 20 jeer, 30 jeer, iyo 50 jeer, glutamate-ka disodium cocoyl ma saameynin xawaaraha flocculation-ka iyo xoojinta nidaamka. Marka qodobka milmidu uu yahay 70 jeer ama 100 jeer, saameynta flocculation-ku way ka fiican tahay, laakiin dhumucdiisu way ka sii adag tahay. Sababtu waxay tahay in ay jiraan laba kooxood oo carboxyl ah oo ku jira molecule-ka disodium cocoyl glutamate, kooxda madaxa ee hydrophilic-na waa la dhexgeliyaa is-dhexgalka. Aagga weyn wuxuu keenaa halbeeg yar oo muhiim ah oo baakad ah, surfactant-kuna si fudud ayuu isugu ururaa qaab wareegsan, taasoo adkeyneysa in la sameeyo micelles u eg dixiri, taasoo adkeyneysa in la qaro.
2.2 N-acyl sarcosinate
N-acyl sarcosinate wuxuu leeyahay saameyn qoyn ah oo ku jirta heerarka dhexdhexaadka ah ilaa kuwa daciifka ah, wuxuu leeyahay saameyn xumbo iyo xasilin xoog leh, wuxuuna leeyahay dulqaad sare oo biyaha adag iyo elektrolytyada. Midka ugu matala waa sodium lauroyl sarcosinate. . Sodium lauroyl sarcosinate wuxuu leeyahay saameyn nadiifin oo aad u fiican. Waa surfactant anionic nooca amino acid ah oo laga sameeyay ilo dabiici ah oo ah lauric acid iyo sodium sarcosinate iyada oo loo marayo falgal afar-tallaabo ah oo ah phthalization, condensation, aashitada iyo sameynta milixda. Waxqabadka sodium lauroyl sarcosinate marka loo eego waxqabadka xumbo, mugga xumbada iyo waxqabadka defoaming wuxuu u dhow yahay kan sodium laureth sulfate. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, nidaamka shaambo ee ka kooban polymer cationic isku mid ah, qaloocyada flocculation ee labada ayaa jira. farqi cad. Marxaladda xumbo iyo xoqidda, shaambo nidaamka amino acid wuxuu leeyahay simbiriirixan xoqan oo ka hooseeya nidaamka sulfate; Marxaladda biyo-baxa, ma aha oo kaliya in simbiriirixanka biyo-baxa uu yar yahay, laakiin sidoo kale xawaaraha biyo-baxa ee shaambada amino acid-ka ayaa ka hooseeya kan shaambada sulfate. Wang Kuan et al. waxay ogaadeen in nidaamka isku-dhafka ah ee sodium lauroyl sarcosinate iyo nonionic, anionic iyo zwitterionic surfactants. Iyadoo la beddelayo xuduudaha sida qiyaasta surfactant iyo saamiga, waxaa la ogaaday in nidaamyada isku-dhafka ah ee laba-geesoodka ah, qaddar yar oo alkyl glycosides ah ay gaari karaan dhumuc isku-dhafan; halka nidaamyada isku-dhafka ah ee ternary, saamiga uu saameyn weyn ku leeyahay viscosity-ga nidaamka, oo ay ku jiraan Isku-darka sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, cocamidopropyl betaine iyo alkyl glycosides ay gaari karaan saameyn is-dhejis oo wanaagsan. Nidaamyada surfactant-ka amino acid-ka waxay ka baran karaan noocan ah nidaamka dhumucaynta.
2.3 N-Methylacyltaurine
Sifooyinka jireed iyo kuwa kiimikada ee N-methylacyl taurate waxay la mid yihiin kuwa sodium alkyl sulfate oo leh dherer isku mid ah silsiladda. Waxa kale oo ay leedahay sifooyin xumbo wanaagsan mana saameynayso pH iyo adkaanta biyaha. Waxay leedahay sifooyin xumbo wanaagsan oo ku jira noocyada aashitada daciifka ah, xitaa biyaha adag, sidaa darteed waxay leedahay noocyo badan oo isticmaal ah marka loo eego alkyl sulfates, waana mid ka xanaaq yar maqaarka marka loo eego N-sodium lauroyl glutamate iyo sodium lauryl phosphate. Ku dhow, aad uga hooseeya SLES, waa surfactant khafiif ah oo xanaaq yar. Midka ugu badan ee matala waa sodium methyl cocoyl taurate. Sodium methyl cocoyl taurate waxaa sameeya isku-darka asiidhyada dufanka leh ee dabiiciga ah iyo sodium methyl taurate. Waa surfactant amino acid guud oo leh xumbo qani ah iyo xasillooni xumbo wanaagsan. Asal ahaan saameyn kuma leh pH iyo biyo. Saamaynta adkaanta. Sodium methyl cocoyl taurate waxay leedahay saameyn dhumuc isku mid ah oo leh surfactants amphoteric, gaar ahaan surfactants nooca betaine. Zheng Xiaomei et al. oo ku jira "Cilmi-baaris ku saabsan Waxqabadka Codsiga ee Afarta Surfactants ee Shaamboos" waxay diiradda saareen sodium cocoyl glutamate, sodium cocoyl alanate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, iyo sodium lauroyl aspartate. Daraasad isbarbardhig ah ayaa lagu sameeyay waxqabadka codsiga ee shaambo. Iyadoo la qaadanayo sodium laureth sulfate (SLES) tixraac ahaan, waxqabadka xumbada, awoodda nadiifinta, waxqabadka dhumucda iyo waxqabadka flocculation ayaa laga wada hadlay. Tijaabooyin, waxaa lagu soo gabagabeeyay in waxqabadka xumbada ee sodium cocoyl alanine iyo sodium lauroyl sarcosinate ay wax yar ka fiican yihiin kan SLES; awoodda nadiifinta ee afarta amino acid surfactants ma laha farqi yar, dhammaantoodna wax yar ayay ka fiican yihiin SLES; dhumucda Waxqabadka guud ahaan wuu ka hooseeyaa SLES. Marka lagu daro dhumuc si loo hagaajiyo dheellitirka nidaamka, dheellitirka nidaamka sodium cocoyl alanine waxaa lagu kordhin karaa 1500 Pa·s, halka dheellitirka saddexda nidaam ee amino acid ee kale uu weli ka hooseeyo 1000 Pa·s. Qalloocyada flocculation ee afarta amino acid surfactants ayaa ka jilicsan kuwa SLES, taasoo muujinaysa in shaambo amino acid ah ay si gaabis ah u daadato, halka nidaamka sulfate uu si dhakhso ah u daadato. Marka la soo koobo, marka aad qaro weyneyso qaacidada shaambo amino acid, waxaad ka fiirsan kartaa inaad ku darto surfactants nonionic si aad u kordhiso fiirsashada micelle si loo qaro. Waxa kale oo aad ku dari kartaa dhumucyada polymer sida PEG-120 methylglucose dioleate. Intaa waxaa dheer, , isku darka cationic conditioners ee ku habboon si loo hagaajiyo isku-dhafka wali waa dhib ku ah noocan ah qaacidada.
3. Waxyaabaha sunta ah ee aan ahayn alkyl glycoside
Marka laga soo tago surfactants-ka amino acid-ka, surfactants-ka nonionic alkyl glycoside (APGs) ayaa soo jiitay dareenka dadweynaha sannadihii ugu dambeeyay sababtoo ah cuncunkooda yar, saaxiibtinimo deegaan, iyo iswaafajin wanaagsan oo ay la leeyihiin maqaarka. Marka lagu daro surfactants-ka sida alkolada dufanka leh ee polyether sulfates (SLES), APG-yada aan ionic-ka ahayn waxay yareeyaan ka-hortagga elektrostatic-ka ee kooxaha anionic ee SLES, taasoo sameysa micelles waaweyn oo leh qaab-dhismeed u eg ul. Micelles-yada noocaas ah uma badna inay galaan maqaarka. Tani waxay yareysaa isdhexgalka borotiinnada maqaarka iyo cuncunka ka dhasha. Fu Yanling et al. waxay ogaadeen in SLES loo isticmaalay sidii surfactant anionic, cocamidopropyl betaine iyo sodium lauroamphoacetate loo isticmaalay sidii surfactants zwitterionic, decyl glucoside iyo cocoyl glucoside-na loo isticmaalay sidii surfactants nonionic. Wakiilada firfircoon, ka dib markii la tijaabiyo, surfactants anionic waxay leeyihiin sifooyinka ugu fiican ee xumbo-sameynta, oo ay ku xigto surfactants zwitterionic, APG-yaduna waxay leeyihiin sifooyinka ugu xun ee xumbo-sameynta; Shaambooyin leh surfactants anionic ah oo ah wakiilada firfircoon ee dusha sare waxay leeyihiin flocculation cad, halka surfactants zwitterionic iyo APGs ay leeyihiin sifooyinka ugu xun ee xumbo. Ma jirin flocculation; marka la eego luqluqashada iyo sifooyinka shanleynta timaha qoyan, kala horreynta ugu fiican ilaa tan ugu xun waa: APGs > anions > zwitterionics, halka timaha qalalan, sifooyinka shanleynta ee shaambooyin leh anions iyo zwitterions sida surfactants ugu weyn ay la mid yihiin. , shaambo leh APGs sida surfactant ugu weyn waxay leedahay sifooyinka shanleynta ugu xun; tijaabada xuubka chorioallantoic ee embriyaha digaagga ayaa muujineysa in shaambo leh APGs sida surfactant ugu weyn uu yahay kan ugu fudud, halka shaambo leh anions iyo zwitterions sida surfactants ugu weyn uu yahay kan ugu fudud. APGs waxay leeyihiin CMC hooseeya waxayna yihiin saabuun aad waxtar u leh maqaarka iyo dufanka sebum. Sidaa darteed, APGs waxay u dhaqmaan sidii surfactant ugu weyn waxayna u janjeeraan inay timaha ka dhigaan kuwo laga saaray oo qalalan. In kasta oo ay jilicsan yihiin maqaarka, haddana waxay sidoo kale soo saari karaan dufanka waxayna kordhin karaan qallayl maqaarka. Sidaa darteed, marka aad u isticmaaleyso APGs sida surfactant-ka ugu weyn, waxaad u baahan tahay inaad tixgeliso heerka ay ka saaraan dufanka maqaarka. Qoyaan ku habboon ayaa lagu dari karaa qaacidada si looga hortago qolofta. Qallafsanaanta, qoraagu wuxuu sidoo kale u arkaa in loo isticmaali karo shaambo xakameyn saliid ah, oo loogu talagalay tixraac keliya.
Marka la soo koobo, qaab-dhismeedka ugu muhiimsan ee dhaqdhaqaaqa dusha sare ee qaacidooyinka shaambo-ka ayaa wali waxaa ku badan dhaqdhaqaaqa dusha sare ee anionic, kaas oo asal ahaan u qaybsan laba nidaam oo waaweyn. Marka hore, SLES waxaa lagu daraa surfactants zwitterionic ama surfactants non-ionic si loo yareeyo cuncunkiisa. Nidaamkan qaacidada wuxuu leeyahay xumbo qani ah, si fudud ayaa loo dhumuc karaa, wuxuuna leeyahay qulqul degdeg ah oo ah qaboojiyeyaasha saliidda cationic iyo silicone iyo qiimo jaban, sidaa darteed weli waa nidaamka surfactant-ka ugu weyn ee suuqa. Marka labaad, cusbooyinka amino acid anionic waxaa lagu daraa surfactants zwitterionic si loo kordhiyo waxqabadka xumbo-samaynta, taas oo ah meel aad u kulul horumarinta suuqa. Noocan badeecada qaacidada ah waa mid khafiif ah waxayna leedahay xumbo qani ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sababtoo ah qaacidada nidaamka milixda amino acid-ka ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u soo baxda oo u soo baxda, timaha noocan ah ee badeecada waa mid qalalan. . APG-yada aan ionic-ka ahayn waxay noqdeen jiho cusub oo ku saabsan horumarinta shaambo-ka sababtoo ah iswaafajintooda wanaagsan ee maqaarka. Dhibaatada ka jirta horumarinta noocan ah qaacidada waa in la helo surfactants waxtar badan si loo kordhiyo hodantinimada xumbo-samaynta, iyo in lagu daro qoyaan-celiyeyaal ku habboon si loo yareeyo saameynta APG-yada madaxa. Xaaladaha qalalan.
Waqtiga boostada: Diseembar-21-2023