Nidaamyada kala firdhinta biyaha ayaa inta badan la isticmaalaa, waxaana caadi ahaan loo isticmaali karaa in lagu falanqeeyo xiriirka ka dhexeeya qaab-dhismeedka surfactant-ka iyo kala firdhinta. Maadaama ay yihiin walxo adag oo hydrophobic ah, waxay nuugi karaan kooxaha hydrophobic ee surfactants-ka. Xaaladda surfactants-ka anionic, kooxaha hydrophilic-ka ee dibadda u jeeda ayaa is celinaya sababtoo ah kharashkooda isku midka ah. Waa iska cad in waxtarka nuugista ee surfactants-ka uu kordho marka la eego dhererka silsiladda hydrophobic, sidaas darteed surfactants-ka leh silsiladaha kaarboonka ee dheer waxay muujiyaan kala firdhis ka wanaagsan kuwa silsiladaha gaagaaban.
Kordhinta hydrophilicity-ka ee surfactants waxay u janjeertaa inay kor u qaaddo milmidooda biyaha, taasoo hoos u dhigaysa nuugista dusha sare ee walxaha. Saamayntani waxay noqotaa mid aad u muuqata marka xoogga isdhexgalka ee u dhexeeya surfactant-ka iyo walxaha uu daciif yahay. Tusaale ahaan, diyaarinta nidaamyada kala firdhinta dheeha biyaha, kala firdhiyaha lignosulfonate ee aadka u sulfonate ayaa loo isticmaali karaa midabyada aadka u hydrophobic si ay u sameeyaan nidaamyo kala firdhisan oo leh xasillooni kuleyl oo aad u fiican. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ku dabaqidda isla kala firdhiyaha midabyada hydrophilic waxay keentaa xasillooni kuleyl oo liidata; taa beddelkeeda, isticmaalka kala firdhiyaha lignosulfonate ee leh heer hoose oo sulfonation ah waxay keentaa nidaamyo kala firdhisan oo leh xasillooni kuleyl oo wanaagsan. Sababta tan ayaa ah in kala firdhiyaha aadka u sulfonated ay leeyihiin milmi sare heerkulka sare, taasoo keenta inay si fudud uga go'aan dusha sare ee midabyada hydrophilic, halkaas oo isdhexgalka asalka ahi uu horeba daciif ahaa, sidaas darteedna uu yareeyo kala firdhinta.
Haddii walxaha kala firdhisan ay iyagu wataan koronto, oo la doorto dahaar-qaade leh dallacaado iska soo horjeeda, dahaar-qaadku wuxuu dhici karaa ka hor inta aan la dhexdhexaadin dahaar-qaadaha ku yaal walxaha. Kaliya ka dib marka lakabka labaad ee dahaar-qaadaha lagu nuugo walxaha dahaar-qaadaha leh ayaa la gaari karaa kala firdhis deggan. Haddii dahaar-qaade leh dallacaado isku mid ah la doorto, nuugista dahaar-qaadaha ee walxaha waxay noqonaysaa mid adag; sidoo kale, nuugid ku filan oo lagu xasiliyo kala firdhinta waxaa lagu gaaraa oo keliya marka ay jiraan diirad sare. Ficil ahaan, dahaar-qaadeyaasha ionic ee la isticmaalo waxay badanaa ka kooban yihiin kooxo ionic badan oo kala firdhisan.guud ahaan molecule-ka surfactant-ka oo dhan, halka kooxahooda hydrophobic ay ka kooban yihiin silsilado hydrocarbon ah oo aan dheregsanayn oo leh kooxo polar ah sida giraangiraha udgoon ama xidhmooyinka ether.
Surfactants-ka polyoxyethylene nonionic, silsiladaha polyoxyethylene ee aadka u qoyaanka badan waxay ku fidaan marxaladda biyaha iyagoo qaabaysan qaab la duubay, iyagoo abuuraya caqabad steric ah oo wax ku ool ah oo ka dhan ah isu-ururinta walxaha adag. Dhanka kale, silsiladaha oxyethylene ee qoyaanka badan ee dhumuc weyn leh ee lakabka badan leh ayaa si weyn u yareeya xoogga van der Waals ee u dhexeeya walxaha, taasoo ka dhigaysa kuwo firdhiya oo aad u fiican. Baloogyada isku-xidhka ah ee propylene oxide iyo ethylene oxide ayaa si gaar ah ugu habboon in loo isticmaalo firdhiye ahaan. Silsiladaha polyoxyethylene ee dhaadheer waxay xoojiyaan milmida biyaha, halka kooxaha polypropylene oxide ee dheeraadka ah ay kor u qaadaan nuugista xooggan ee walxaha adag; sidaas darteed, copolymers-ka leh silsilado dhaadheer oo labada qaybood ah ayaa aad ugu habboon firdhiye ahaan.
Marka la isku daro walxaha ionic iyo nonionic, nidaamka isku dhafan ma aha oo kaliya inuu awood u siiyo molecules-ka inay ku fidaan marxaladda biyaha, iyagoo sameeya caqabad steric ah oo ka hortagta isku-darka walxaha, laakiin sidoo kale waxay xoojisaa xoogga filimka is-dhexgalka ee walxaha adag. Sidaa darteed, nidaamka isku dhafan, ilaa inta milanka sii kordhaya ee walxaha surfactants ee marxaladda biyaha uusan si weyn u joojinayn nuugista dusha sare ee walxaha, kala-firdhiyaha leh silsiladaha hydrophobic-ga dheer wuxuu muujin doonaa waxqabad kala-firdhis oo heer sare ah.
Waqtiga boostada: Diseembar-31-2025