Maxay yihiin codsiyada surfactants ee beeraha?

Adeegsiga Dareeraha Bacriminta

Ka hortagga bacriminta: Iyadoo la horumarinayo warshadaha bacriminta, heerarka bacriminta oo kordhay, iyo wacyigelinta deegaanka oo sii kordheysa, bulshadu waxay soo rogtay dalabyo sare oo ku saabsan hababka wax soo saarka bacriminta iyo waxqabadka wax soo saarka.waxyaabaha surfactants-ka ahwaxay kor u qaadi kartaa tayada bacriminta. Caking waxay muddo dheer ahayd caqabad ku haysata warshadaha bacriminta, gaar ahaan ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate, urea, iyo bacriminta isku dhafan. Si looga hortago caking, marka lagu daro tallaabooyinka taxaddarka inta lagu jiro wax soo saarka, baakadaha, iyo kaydinta, surfactants-ka ayaa lagu dari karaa bacriminta.

Urea waxay u janjeertaa inay isku milmaan inta lagu jiro rarista iyo kaydinta, taasoo si xun u saamaysa iibkeeda iyo isticmaalkeeda. Dhacdadan waxay dhacdaa sababtoo ah dib-u-cusboonaysiinta dusha sare ee urea. Qoyaanka gudaha urea wuxuu u guuraa dusha sare (ama wuxuu nuugaa qoyaanka jawiga), isagoo sameeya lakab biyood oo khafiif ah. Marka heerkulku isbedbeddelo, qoyaankani wuu uumi baxaa, taasoo keenta in xalka buuxa ee dusha sare uu noqdo mid kiristaal ah oo horseeda in la isku dhejiyo.

Dalka Shiinaha, bacriminta nitrogen waxay inta badan ka jiraan saddex nooc: ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, iyo amide nitrogen. Bacriminta Nitro waa bacrimin isku-dhafan oo xoog badan oo ka kooban ammonium nitrogen iyo nitrate nitrogen labadaba. Si ka duwan urea, nitrate nitrogen ee bacriminta nitro waxaa si toos ah u nuugi kara dalagyada iyada oo aan la beddelin labaad, taasoo keenta hufnaan sare. Bacriminta isku-dhafka Nitro waxay ku habboon tahay dalagyada lacagta caddaanka ah sida tubaakada, galleyda, qaraha, miraha, khudaarta, iyo geedaha midhaha, iyagoo si ka wanaagsan u shaqeeya urea carrada alkaline iyo gobollada karst. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, maadaama bacriminta isku-dhafka nitro ay inta badan ka kooban tahay ammonium nitrate, taas oo aad u hygroscopic ah oo marta kala-guurka marxaladda kiristaalka iyadoo heerkulku isbeddelayo, waxay u nugul yihiin inay jajabaan.

Adeegsiga Daawaynta Biyaha ee Dib-u-habaynta Carrada Wasakhaysan

Iyadoo la horumarinayo warshadaha sida kiimikooyinka batroolka, daawooyinka, iyo balaastikada, wasakhowga kala duwan ee bayolojiga ah ee bayolojiga ah (tusaale ahaan, baytariyada hydrocarbons, organics halogenated, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, cayayaan dilaha) iyo ion-yada birta culus ayaa ciidda soo gala iyagoo daadanaya, daadanaya, dheecaannada warshadaha, iyo qashin-qubka, taasoo keenta wasakheyn daran. Wasakhowga dabiiciga ah ee bayolojiga ah ee bayolojiga ah ayaa si fudud ugu xidhma walxaha dabiiciga ah ee ciidda, taasoo yaraynaysa helitaankooda noolaha waxayna caqabad ku tahay isticmaalka ciidda.

Duufaanta, oo ah molecules amphiphilic ah, waxay muujiyaan xiriir xooggan oo ay la leeyihiin saliidaha, hydrocarbons-ka udgoonka leh, iyo organics-ka halogenated, taasoo ka dhigaysa kuwo wax ku ool ah hagaajinta carrada.

Adeegsiga Daad-gureeyayaasha ee Ilaalinta Biyaha Beeraha

Abaartu waa arrin caalami ah, iyadoo khasaaraha wax soo saarka dalagga ee ka dhasha abaartu uu la mid yahay khasaaraha isku dhafan ee ka dhasha masiibooyinka kale ee saadaasha hawada. Habka xakamaynta uumiga waxaa ka mid ah in lagu daro walxaha dusha sare leh nidaamyada u baahan haynta qoyaanka (tusaale ahaan, biyaha beeraha, dusha sare ee dhirta), sameynta filim monomolecular ah oo aan milmi karin oo dusha sare ah. Filimkan wuxuu ku jiraa meel uumi-baxa oo xaddidan, isagoo yareynaya aagga uumi-baxa ee waxtarka leh isla markaana ilaalinaya biyaha.

Marka lagu buufiyo dusha sare ee dhirta, sunfactants-ku waxay sameeyaan qaab-dhismeed toosan: dhammaadkooda hydrophobic (oo u jeeda geedka) waxay celiyaan oo xannibaan uumiga qoyaanka gudaha, halka dhammaadkooda hydrophilic (oo u jeeda hawada) ay sahlaan qoyaanka jawiga. Saamaynta isku dhafan waxay joojisaa lumitaanka biyaha, waxay xoojisaa iska caabbinta abaarta dalagga, waxayna kordhisaa wax-soo-saarka.

Gunaanad

Marka la soo koobo, surfactants-ku waxay leeyihiin codsiyo ballaaran oo ku saabsan tiknoolajiyada beeraha casriga ah. Marka farsamooyin cusub oo beeraha ah ay soo baxaan oo ay soo baxaan caqabado cusub oo wasakheyn ah, baahida loo qabo cilmi-baarista iyo horumarinta surfactant-ka horumarsan ayaa sii kordhaya. Kaliya iyadoo la abuurayo surfactants tayo sare leh oo loogu talagalay goobtan ayaan dedejin karnaa hirgelinta casriyeynta beeraha ee Shiinaha.