Maxay yihiin codsiyada surfactants ee qaybta shidaalka?

Sida ku xusan habka kala soocidda kiimikooyinka goobta saliidda, walxaha surfactants ee loo isticmaalo goobta saliidda waxaa loo kala saari karaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo walxaha surfactants-ka qodista, walxaha surfactants-ka wax soo saarka, walxaha surfactants-ka soo kabashada saliidda ee la xoojiyay, walxaha surfactants-ka ee ururinta/gaaska ee saliidda iyo gaaska, iyo walxaha surfactants-ka ee daaweynta biyaha.

 

Qodista Qodista​

 

Marka laga eego walxaha qodaya dhulka saliidda, walxaha qodaya (oo ay ku jiraan waxyaabaha lagu daro dareeraha qodista iyo waxyaabaha lagu daro sibidhka) ayaa ah kuwa ugu badan ee la isticmaalo—qiyaastii 60% isticmaalka guud ee walxaha qodaya dhulka saliidda. Walxaha qodaya, inkastoo ay tiro ahaan yar yihiin, haddana waa kuwo aad u horumarsan oo tignoolaji ahaan, oo ka kooban saddex meelood meel wadarta guud. Labadan qaybood waxay muhiimad weyn u leeyihiin codsiyada walxaha qodaya dhulka saliidda.

Shiinaha, cilmi-baaristu waxay diiradda saareysaa laba qaybood oo waaweyn: kordhinta isticmaalka agabka ceeriin ee dhaqameed iyo horumarinta polymers-ka cusub ee synthetic-ga ah (oo ay ku jiraan monomers). Caalami ahaan, cilmi-baarista lagu daro dareeraha qodista waa mid aad u takhasus badan, iyadoo xoogga la saarayo polymers-ka synthetic-ga ah ee ay ku jiraan koox sulfonic acid oo ah aasaaska alaabada kala duwan - isbeddel u badan inuu qaabeeyo horumarka mustaqbalka. Horumarro ayaa laga sameeyay dhimista viscosity-ga, wakiilada xakamaynta luminta dareeraha, iyo saliidaha. Si gaar ah, sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, surfactants-ka khamriga polymeric-ga ah ee leh saameynta dhibicda daruuraha ayaa si ballaaran loogu qaatay goobaha saliidda ee gudaha, iyagoo samaynaya taxane ah nidaamyada dareeraha qodista khamriga polymeric. Intaa waxaa dheer, dareeraha qodista methyl glucoside iyo glycerin-ka ku salaysan ayaa muujiyay natiijooyin codsi goobeed oo rajo leh, taasoo sii kicinaysa horumarinta surfactants-ka qodista. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, waxyaabaha lagu daro dareeraha qodista Shiinaha waxay ka kooban yihiin 18 qaybood oo leh in ka badan kun nooc, iyadoo isticmaalka sanadlaha ah uu ku dhow yahay 300,000 oo tan.

 

Waxyaabaha Soo-saarka Dareeraha​

 

Marka la barbardhigo walxaha qodista, walxaha soo saara ee la soo saaro way ka yar yihiin noocyada iyo tirada, gaar ahaan kuwa loo isticmaalo aashitada iyo jajabinta. Cilmi-baarista ku saabsan walxaha jelling-ka waxay inta badan diiradda saartaa ciridka dhirta dabiiciga ah ee wax laga beddelay iyo cellulose, oo ay weheliyaan polymers-ka synthetic-ga ah sida polyacrylamide. Sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, horumarka caalamiga ah ee walxaha aashitada sameeya ee dareeraha ah ayaa ahaa mid gaabis ah, iyadoo cilmi-baarista iyo horumarinta ay xoogga saarayso dhinacajoojiyeyaasha daxalkasi loo sameeyo aashito. Ka-hortagayaashan waxaa badanaa lagu sameeyaa iyadoo wax laga beddelayo ama la isku darayo walxaha ceeriin ee jira, iyadoo ujeedadu tahay in la hubiyo sun yar ama aan sun ahayn iyo milmida saliidda/biyaha ama kala firdhinta biyaha. Ka-hortagayaasha isku-dhafka ah ee ku salaysan amiin, amooniyam quarternary, iyo alkyne alcohol-ka ayaa ku badan, halka ka-hortagayaasha ku salaysan aldehyde ay hoos u dhaceen sababo la xiriira walaacyada sunta. Hal-abuurrada kale waxaa ka mid ah isku-dhafka aashitada dodecylbenzene sulfonic oo leh amiinada miisaanka yar ee molecular-ka (tusaale ahaan, ethylamine, propylamine, C8-18 primary amines, oleic diethanolamide), iyo emulsifiers-ka aashitada ku jira. Shiinaha, cilmi-baarista ku saabsan surfactants-ka ee dareeraha jabaqda iyo aashitada ayaa dib u dhacday, iyadoo horumar xaddidan laga sameeyay ka-hortagga daxalka. Waxyaabaha la heli karo waxaa ka mid ah, isku-dhafka amiiniyam-ka (aasaasiga ah, labaad, saddexaad, ama quaternary amides iyo isku-darka ay yihiin kuwo aad u badan, waxaana ku xiga waxyaabaha ka soo baxa imidazoline oo ah nooc kale oo weyn oo ka hortagga daxalka dabiiciga ah.

 

Soo-ururinta/Gaadiidka Saliida iyo Gaaska​

 

Cilmi-baarista iyo horumarinta surfactants-ka ee isu-ururinta/gaaska saliidda iyo gaaska ee Shiinaha waxay bilaabatay 1960-meeyadii. Maanta, waxaa jira 14 qaybood oo leh boqolaal badeecooyin ah. Sifeeyayaasha saliidda cayriin ayaa ah kuwa ugu isticmaalka badan, iyadoo baahida sanadlaha ah ay tahay qiyaastii 20,000 oo tan. Shiinaha waxay samaysay sifeeyayaasha loogu talagalay goobaha saliidda ee kala duwan, kuwaas oo badankoodu buuxiya heerarka caalamiga ah ee 1990-meeyadii. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sifeeyayaasha hoos u dhiga dhibcaha, hagaajinta socodka, yaraynta viscosity-ga, iyo wakiilada ka saarista/ka hortagga shamaca ayaa weli xaddidan, inta badan waa badeecooyin isku dhafan. Shuruudaha kala duwan ee sifooyinka saliidda cayriin ee kala duwan ee surfactants-kan waxay keenaan caqabado iyo baahiyo sare oo loogu talagalay horumarinta badeecadaha cusub.

 

Saliidaha Daawaynta Biyaha ee Goobta Saliida​

 

Kiimikooyinka daaweynta biyaha waa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah horumarinta goobaha saliidda, iyadoo isticmaalka sanadlaha ah uu ka badan yahay 60,000 oo tan - qiyaastii 40% oo ka mid ah waa kuwa loo yaqaan 'surfactants'. Iyadoo ay jirto baahida weyn, cilmi-baarista ku saabsan surfactants daaweynta biyaha ee Shiinaha kuma filna, noocyada wax soo saarkuna weli ma dhammaystirna. Badeecadaha badankood waxaa laga soo qaatay daaweynta biyaha warshadaha, laakiin sababtoo ah dhibka biyaha ee goobaha saliidda, ku habboonaantoodu badanaa way liidataa, mararka qaarkoodna ma keento natiijooyin la filayo. Caalami ahaan, horumarinta flocculant waa meesha ugu firfircoon cilmi-baarista surfactant daaweynta biyaha, iyadoo soo saarta badeecooyin badan, inkastoo tiro yar si gaar ah loogu talagalay daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah ee goobaha saliidda.