Impahla yokuwasha yeama-surfactantyisici esiyisisekelo esinikeza ama-surfactants ukusetshenziswa kwawo okuwusizo kakhulu. Kuhilelekile empilweni yansuku zonke yezinkulungwane zemindeni futhi kusetshenziswa kakhulu kuzo zonke izindlela zokuphila kanye nezinqubo ezahlukahlukene zokukhiqiza ezimbonini.
Umphumela Wokulwa Nokuqinaama-Surfactants
Imicu, amapulasitiki neminye imikhiqizo ivame ukukhiqiza ugesi ongaguquki ngenxa yokungqubuzana, okuphazamisa ukusebenza kwayo. Isibonelo, izindwangu zefayibha ezinamashaja angaguquki zivame ukubhekana nezinkinga ezifana nokunamathela emzimbeni, ukunamathela okungaguquki, kanye nokuthambekela kokumunca uthuli bese kungcola. Imiphumela emibi kagesi ongaguquki emikhiqizweni yepulasitiki imbi kakhulu. Imikhiqizo yepulasitiki eshaja ngokungaguquki ayigcini nje ngokumunca uthuli kalula, okulimaza ukubonakala, ukuhlanzeka kwendawo kanye nokubukeka kwemikhiqizo, kodwa futhi kunciphisa ukusebenza kwayo kwenkonzo kanye nenani.
Ukuze kuqedwe lezo zimo eziguquguqukayo, indlela ye-surfactant antistatic iyasetshenziswa kabanzi njengamanje. Ama-surfactant anjalo aziwa ngokuthi ama-antistatic agents.
Isigaba 1 Izenzakalo Ezingaguquki Nezimbangela Zazo
Nakuba kukhona ukungafani okuthile emiphumeleni yochungechunge lokufakwa kukagesi lwemicu etholwe ngabahloli abahlukene, imicu equkethe izibopho ze-amide ezifana noboya, inayiloni kanye noboya bokwenziwa ivame ukuba namacala amahle. Isimo sokufakwa kukagesi kwepulasitiki evamile siboniswe kuThebula 10.‑2. Uchungechunge lokufakwa kukagesi kwezinto ezivamile kusukela kokuhle kuya kokubi lubhalwe ngezansi:
(+) I-Polyurethane–Izinwele–Inayiloni–Uboya–Usilika–I-fibre ye-viscose–Ukotini–Irabha eqinile–I-fiber ye-acetate ye-cellulose–I-Vinylon–I-Polypropylene–I-Polyester–I-Polyacrylonitrile–I-Polyvinyl chloride–I-copolymer ye-vinyl chloride-acrylonitrile–I-Polyethylene–I-Polytetrafluoroethylene (-).
Indlela eqondile yokukhiqizwa kukagesi ongaguquki ayiqondakali ngokugcwele, kodwa kukhona ukuvumelana ngokuthi ugesi ongaguquki uvela emashajini eselula akhiqizwa phakathi kwezinto lapho izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto zithintana. Uhlobo lweshaja into ephethe lunqunywa ukuzuza noma ukulahleka kwama-electron. Into ishaja kahle uma ilahlekelwa ama-electron futhi ishaja kabi uma ithola ama-electron.
Isigaba 2 Ama-Antistatic Ejenti
Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokususa ugesi ongashintshi:
(1) Izindlela ezibonakalayo. Njengoba ubukhulu bukagesi ongaguquki buthintwa izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama, izindlela ezibonakalayo ezifana nokulungisa izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama kanye nokukhishwa kwe-corona zingasetshenziswa ukususa ugesi ongaguquki ebusweni bezinto.
(2) Izindlela zamakhemikhali angaphezulu, okungukuthi ukusebenzisa ama-surfactants (abizwa nangokuthi ama-antistatic agents) ukwenza ukwelashwa kwendawo emikhiqizweni yefayibha nepulasitiki noma ukuyixuba ibe yipulasitiki ukuze kufezwe injongo yokususwa kwe-static.
1. Ama-Antistatic Ejenti E-Fiber
Izakhiwo ezidingekayo zama-antistatic agents:
(1) Ungashintshi umuzwa wesandla wemicu; (2) Ukusebenza okuhle kokungaguquguquki okunesilinganiso esiphansi kanye nokusebenza kahle emazingeni okushisa aphansi; (3) Ukuhambisana okuhle nemicu ye-resin; (4) Ukuhambisana okuhle kakhulu nezinye izinto ezisizayo; (5) Akukho ukugqwala futhi akukho ukwakheka kwamabala amanzi; (6) Akunabo ubuthi futhi akucasuli isikhumba; (7) Gcina ukuqina okuhle.
Izinhlobo zama-antistatic agents
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zama-antistatic agents asetshenziselwa imicu yi-cationic kanye ne-amphoteric surfactants.
Indlela yokusebenza kwama-antistatic agents
Indlela yokuvimbela ukwakheka kwama-surfactants asetshenziselwa izinhloso ze-fiber antistatic ibonakala kakhulu ezicini ezimbili: ukuvimbela ukwenziwa okungaguquki lapho izindwangu ze-fiber zibhekene nokungqubuzana kanye nokwenza kube lula ukuhlakazeka kwamacala omhlaba. Ukuvimbela ukufakelwa kukagesi okungqubuzanayo kuhlobene kakhulu nesakhiwo sama-surfactants, kuyilapho ukuhlakazeka kwamacala omhlaba kuhlotshaniswa namandla okumunca kanye ne-hygroscopicity yama-surfactants ezindwangu ze-fiber.
Ama-surfactant e-cationic angamunca kalula ezindaweni zefayibha ezishajwe kabi ngokusebenzisa ama-positive charge awo.
①Zinganciphisa izindleko zangaphezulu zemicu;
②Ama-surfactant e-cationic anamathela ezindaweni zefayibha ngendlela eqondile lapho ama-ion e-quaternary ammonium ashajwe kahle enamathela khona endaweni yefayibha bese kuthi amaketanga e-hydrophobic hydrocarbon abheke ngaphandle, akhe ifilimu yokumunca eqondiswe kahle eyakhiwe ngamaketanga e-hydrocarbon ebusweni befayibha. Le filimu yokumunca inganciphisa ngempumelelo ukungqubuzana endaweni yefayibha ngesikhathi sokungqubuzana futhi yenze buthaka ugesi wokungqubuzana.
Kumafayibha okwenziwa ane-polarity ephansi kanye ne-hydrophobicity enamandla, ama-surfactants e-cationic amunca ezindaweni zefayibha ngamandla e-van der Waals ngamaketanga awo e-hydrophobic hydrocarbon, kuyilapho amaqembu e-polar quaternary ammonium ebheke ngaphandle. Ngakho-ke, ubuso befayibha bumbozwe amaqembu e-polar e-hydrophilic, angagcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukuhanjiswa kobuso befayibha kodwa futhi andisa umswakama wobuso bawo, okwenza kube lula ukuhlakazeka kukagesi omile okhiqizwa ukungqubuzana futhi kunikeze imiphumela yokulwa ne-static.
Amandla okumunca i-dioctadecyl ammonium chloride ezindaweni zemvelo zefayibha aphezulu kakhulu kunalawo asemicu yokwenziwa, okubonisa ukuthi ifinyelela ukusebenza okungcono kokungaguquguquki kwimicu yemvelo.
Njengama-surfactants e-cationic, ama-surfactants e-amphoteric anezinkokhelo ezinhle futhi angamunca ezindaweni ze-fiber ezishajwe kabi ukuze anciphise izinkokhelo ezimile. Amaqembu awo angenawo umoya futhi anciphisa ukungqubuzana. Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-surfactants e-cationic, ama-surfactants e-amphoteric aneqembu elengeziwe le-anionic esakhiweni sawo sama-molecule, okwenza kube lula ukugcinwa komswakama kanye nokushaja. Ngakho-ke, ama-surfactants e-amphoteric angama-antistatic agents asebenza kahle kakhulu, yize enentengo ephezulu.
Ama-surfactant e-anionic kanye ne-nonionic abonisa ukusebenza okungekuhle kwe-antistatic ngenxa yomthamo wawo ophansi we-adsorption ezindaweni ze-fiber. Inani le-adsorption lama-surfactant e-nonionic alithintwa yi-surface charge yama-fiber futhi liphakeme kunele-anionic surfactants, kodwa anemiphumela ebuthakathaka ekusabalaleni kwe-static. Ngakho-ke umthamo wawo we-antistatic uphansi kakhulu kunowe-cationic kanye ne-amphoteric surfactants.
2. Izinto Zokulwa Nokungezwani Nezinto Ezingashintshi Zepulasitiki
Indlela yokumelana ne-static yama-surfactants asetshenziswa njengezinto zokuvimbela i-static zepulasitiki yile elandelayo: ama-surfactants amunca ezindaweni zepulasitiki ngamaketanga awo e-hydrophobic hydrocarbon ngokusebenzisa amandla e-van der Waals, kanti amaqembu e-polar anwebeka ngaphandle. Ifilimu yokumunca eqondiswe kuma-surfactants yakheka ebusweni bepulasitiki ukuze inikeze ukuhanjiswa, okuvumela ukuthi amashaji aqinile anyamalale kahle. Okwamanje, ifilimu yokumunca inganciphisa nokungqubuzana ezindaweni zepulasitiki.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-antistatic agents epulasitiki ngohlobo lwe-surfactant:
(2) Uhlobo lwe-Cationic;
(3) Uhlobo lwe-amphoteric;
(4) Uhlobo olungeyona i-ionic.
Ama-antistatic agents angahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili ngendlela yokusebenzisa:
(1) Izinto ezivimbela ukuguguleka komhlaba;
(2) Izinto eziqinisa ukwakheka kwe-antistatic.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Okthoba-10-2026