1 Imibono Yokuklama Ifomula Yezinto Zokuhlanza Ezisekelwe Emanzini
1.1 Ukukhethwa Kwezinhlelo
Izinhlelo zokuhlanza ezivamile ezisekelwe emanzini zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezintathu: ezingathathi hlangothi, ezine-acidic, kanye ne-alkaline.
Izinto zokuhlanza ezingathathi hlangothi zisetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni ezingamelani nama-asidi nama-alkali. Inqubo yokuhlanza isebenzisa kakhulu ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto zokuhlanza ezisizayo kanye nezinto ezisusa ukungcola ukuze kususwe ukungcola ebusweni bezinto ezisetshenziswayo.
Ukuhlanza okune-asidi kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukususa ukugqwala kanye nokususa izinsimbi ezinamazinga e-oxide. Azikho izinto eziningi ezisizayo ezitholakala ngaphansi kwezimo ze-acid. Ukuhlanza okune-asidi kusebenzisa kakhulu ukusabela phakathi kwe-asidi kanye nezinga le-oxide ebusweni bensimbi ukuze kususwe ukungcola. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinto ezisizayo kanye nama-surfactant asetshenziselwa ukuxuba nokusabalalisa ukungcola okuhlanziwe ukuze kufezwe injongo yokuhlanza. Ama-asidi asetshenziswa kakhulu afaka i-nitric acid, i-hydrochloric acid, i-sulfuric acid, i-phosphoric acid, i-citric acid, i-oxalic acid, i-acetic acid, i-methanesulfonic acid, i-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, i-boric acid, njll. Ukuhlanza i-alkaline kusetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlanzeni kwezimboni. Ngenxa yokuthi i-alkaline ngokwayo ingasusa amafutha emifino ukuze yakhe izinto ezinamazinga e-hydrophilic saponified, ifaneleka kakhulu ekuhlanzeni amabala kawoyela. Ama-alkaline asetshenziswa kakhulu afaka i-NaOH, i-KOH, i-sodium carbonate, amanzi e-ammonia, ama-alkanolamine, njll.
1.2 Ukukhethwa Kwezinsizakusebenza
Ekuhlanzeni kwezimboni, sibhekisela ezithasiselweni eziwusizo emiphumeleni yokuhlanza njengezinsiza zokuhlanza, ezifaka phakathi izihlanzisi ze-chelating, izithibi zokugqwala, izihlanzi zokuhlanza, izibulali zinambuzane ezibulala amagciwane, amalungiselelo e-enzyme, iziqinisi ze-pH, njll. Izinsiza ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezilandelayo:
Ama-Chelating dispersants: ama-phosphate (i-sodium pyrophosphate, i-sodium tripolyphosphate, i-sodium metaphosphate, i-sodium phosphate, njll.), ama-organic phosphate (i-ATMP, i-HEDP, i-EDTMP, njll.), ama-alkanolamine (i-triethanolamine, i-diethanolamine, i-monoethanolamine, i-isopropanolamine, njll.), ama-amino carboxylates (i-NTA, i-EDTA, njll.), ama-hydroxyl carboxylates (ama-citrate, ama-tartrates, ama-gluconates, njll.), i-polyacrylic acid kanye nezinto eziphuma kuyo (i-maleic-acrylic copolymer), njll.;
Izithibi zokugqwala: uhlobo lwefilimu ye-oxide (ama-chromates, ama-nitrites, ama-molybdate, ama-tungstates, ama-borates, njll.), uhlobo lwefilimu yokushisa (ama-phosphates, ama-carbonates, ama-hydroxides, njll.), uhlobo lwefilimu yokungenisa (ama-silicates, ama-organic amines, ama-organic carboxylic acids, ama-petroleum sulfonates, i-thiourea, i-urotropine, ama-imidazoles, ama-thiazoles, ama-benzotriazoles, njll.);
Ama-Defoamer: ama-organosilicon, ama-polyether modified organosilicon, ama-defoamer angenayo i-silicon, njll.
1.3 Ukukhethwa Kwama-Surfactants
Ama-surfactant adlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuhlanzeni kwezimboni. Anganciphisa ukucindezeleka kobuso besistimu, athuthukise ukungena komkhiqizo, futhi avumele i-ejenti yokuhlanza ukuthi ingene ngokushesha ngaphakathi kokungcola. Aphinde abe nomthelela wokuhlakaza nokukhipha i-emulsifying kumabala kawoyela ahlanziwe.
Ama-surfactant asetshenziswa kakhulu ahlukaniswe ngezigaba ezilandelayo:
Ama-non-ionic: ama-alkylphenol ethoxylates (uchungechunge lwe-NP/OP/ TX), ama-fatty alcohol ethoxylates (uchungechunge lwe-AEO), ama-isomeric alcohol ethoxylates (uchungechunge lwe-XL/XP/TO), ama-secondary alcohol ethoxylates (uchungechunge lwe-SAEO), uchungechunge lwe-polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene ether (uchungechunge lwe-PE/RPE), i-alkyl polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene, uchungechunge lwe-polyoxyethylene ether olune-capped, ama-fatty acid polyoxyethylene esters (EL), ama-fatty amine polyoxyethylene ethers (AC), ama-acetylenic diol ethoxylates, uchungechunge lwe-alkyl glycosides, njll.;
I-Anionic: ama-sulfonates (ama-alkylbenzene sulfonates LAS, ama-α-olefin sulfonates AOS, ama-alkyl sulfonates SAS, ama-succinate sulfonates OT, ama-fatty acid ester sulfonates MES, njll.), ama-sulfate esters (K12, AES, njll.), ama-phosphate esters (ama-alkyl phosphates, ama-fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether phosphates, ama-alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether phosphates, njll.), ama-carboxylates (ama-fatty acid salts, njll.);
I-Cationic: usawoti we-ammonium we-quaternary (1631, 1231, njll.);
Ama-ion e-amphoteric: ama-betaine (BS, CAB, njll.), ama-amino acid; ama-ammonium oxide (OB, njll.), ama-imidazoline.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Jan-16-2026