1. Ama-surfactants ezinyathelo zokuqhekeka
Izindlela zokuqhekeka zivame ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni zikawoyela ezingangeni kakhulu amanzi. Zihilela ukusebenzisa ingcindezi ukuze kuqhekeke ukwakheka, kudalwe imifantu, bese kusekelwa le mifantu ngama-proppants ukuze kuncishiswe ukumelana nokugeleza koketshezi, ngaleyo ndlela kufezwe umgomo wokwandisa ukukhiqizwa kanye nokujova. Ezinye izinto eziphuzwayo zokuqhekeka zakhiwe kusetshenziswa ama-surfactants njengenye yezingxenye zawo.
Ama-fracturing fluid angaphakathi kwamanzi enziwe ngamanzi, uwoyela, kanye nama-emulsifier. Ama-emulsifier asetshenziswayo afaka phakathi ama-surfactant e-ionic, angewona ama-ionic, kanye nama-amphoteric. Uma amanzi aqinile esetshenziswa njengesigaba sangaphandle kanye namafutha njengesigaba sangaphakathi, kungalungiswa uketshezi lwe-fracturing fluid oluqinile (i-polymer emulsion). Lolu hlobo loketshezi lwe-fracturing lungasetshenziswa emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-160°C futhi lungakhipha ngokuzenzakalelayo uketshezi futhi lukhiphe uketshezi.
Ama-foam fracturing fluids yilawo anamanzi njenge-dispersion medium kanye ne-gas njenge-dispersed phase. Izingxenye zawo eziyinhloko amanzi, igesi, kanye nama-foam agents. Ama-alkyl sulfonates, ama-alkyl benzene sulfonates, ama-alkyl sulfate esters, ama-quaternary ammonium salts, kanye nama-surfactants ohlobo lwe-OP konke kungasetshenziswa njenge-foam agents. Ukuhlushwa kwama-foam agents emanzini ngokuvamile kungu-0.5–2%, kanti isilinganiso se-gas phase volume kuya ku-foam volume sisukela ku-0.5 kuya ku-0.9.
Uketshezi lokuqhekeka olusekelwe kumafutha lwenziwa kusetshenziswa uwoyela njenge-solvent noma i-dispersion medium. Amafutha asetshenziswa kakhulu ensimini uwoyela ongahluziwe noma izingxenyana zawo ezisindayo. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwawo kwe-viscosity-temperature, kudingeka kufakwe ama-sulfonate kaphethiloli ancibilika ku-oyela (anesisindo sama-molecule esingu-300–750). Uketshezi lokuqhekeka olusekelwe ku-oyela luhlanganisa noketshezi lokuqhekeka olusemanzini ku-oyela kanye noketshezi lokuqhekeka kwe-foam kawoyela. Owokuqala usebenzisa ama-surfactants e-anionic ancibilika ku-oyela, ama-surfactants e-cationic, kanye nama-surfactants angewona ama-ionic njenge-emulsifiers, kuyilapho owokugcina usebenzisa ama-surfactants e-polymeric aqukethe i-fluorine njenge-foam stabilizers.
Uketshezi lokuqhekeka kokwakheka okuzwela amanzi luyi-emulsion noma amagwebu akhiwe kusetshenziswa ingxube yama-alcohol (njenge-ethylene glycol) namafutha (njenge-kerosene) njengendlela yokusabalalisa, i-liquid carbon dioxide njengesigaba esihlakazekile, kanye nama-polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers anjenge-sulfate-esterified njenge-emulsifiers noma ama-foaming agents, asetshenziselwa ukwakheka okuzwela amanzi.
Uketshezi lokuqhekeka ukuze kuqhekeke i-acidization lusebenza njengoketshezi lokuqhekeka kanye noketshezi olufaka i-acidization, olusetshenziswa ekwakhekeni kwe-carbonate lapho zombili izinyathelo zenziwa khona ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lokho okuhlobene nama-surfactants kufaka phakathi ama-acid foam kanye nama-acid emulsions; owokuqala usebenzisa ama-alkyl sulfonates noma ama-alkyl benzene sulfonates njengezinto ezikhipha igwebu, kanti owokugcina usebenzisa ama-surfactants ohlobo lwe-sulfonate njengezinto ezikhipha igwebu.
Njengoketshezi olwenza i-acid, uketshezi oluqhekeka luphinde lusebenzise ama-surfactant njengezinto ezisusa i-mulsifier, izithasiselo zokuhlanza, kanye nezilungisi zokumanzisa, okungeke kuchazwe kabanzi ngakho lapha.
2. Ama-surfactants okulawula iphrofayili kanye nezinyathelo zokuvala amanzi
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokuthuthukiswa kwezikhukhula zamanzi nokuvimbela izinga lokwanda kokunqunywa kwamanzi kawoyela ongahluziwe, kubalulekile ukulungisa iphrofayili yokumuncwa kwamanzi emithonjeni yokujova futhi kuthathwe izinyathelo zokuvala amanzi emithonjeni yokukhiqiza ukuze kwandiswe umkhiqizo. Ezinye zalezi zindlela zokulawula iphrofayili kanye nokuvala amanzi zivame ukusebenzisa ama-surfactants athile. I-ejenti yokulawula iphrofayili yejeli ye-HPC/SDS ilungiswa ngokuxuba i-hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) kanye ne-sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) emanzini ahlanzekile. I-Sodium alkyl sulfonate kanye ne-alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride zincibilikiswa ngokulandelana emanzini ukuze kulungiselelwe uketshezi olusebenzayo olubili, olufakwa ekwakhekeni ngokulandelana. Uketshezi olusebenzayo olubili luhlangana ekwakhekeni, lukhiqize ama-alkyl sulfite precipitates e-alkyl trimethyl amine, avimba izendlalelo ezivumela ukungena kwamanzi okuphezulu. I-Polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, i-alkyl aryl sulfonate, njll., ingasetshenziswa njengezinto ezikhipha amagwebu. Zincibilikiswa emanzini ukuze kulungiselelwe uketshezi olusebenzayo, olube selufakwa ngokushintshana ekwakhekeni ngoketshezi olusebenzayo lwe-carbon dioxide. Lokhu kwakha igwebu ekwakhekeni (ikakhulukazi ezingqimbeni ezivumela ukungena kwamanzi amaningi), okubangela ukuvaleka kanye nokufeza umphumela wokulawula iphrofayili. I-surfactant yohlobo lwe-ammonium salt-type agent ye-quaternary njenge-foam agent iyancibilika ku-silicic acid sol elungiselelwe kusuka ku-ammonium sulfate kanye nengilazi yamanzi bese ifakwa ekwakhekeni, kulandelwe ukujova igesi engavundi (igesi yemvelo noma igesi ye-chlorine). Lokhu kuqala kukhiqiza igwebu elinoketshezi njenge-dispersion medium ekwakhekeni, bese kuba ama-silicic acid sol gels, okuholela kugwebu elinoketshezi njenge-dispersion medium, elivimba izingqimba ezivumela ukungena kwamanzi amaningi futhi lifinyelele ekulawulweni kwephrofayili. Kusetshenziswa ama-surfactant ohlobo lwe-sulfonate njenge-foam agents kanye nama-molecule amaningi njenge-thickening kanye ne-foam-stabilizing agents, bese kufakwa igesi noma izinto ezikhiqiza igesi, kukhiqizwa igwebu elisekelwe emanzini phezu noma ekwakhekeni. Engqimbeni kawoyela, inani elikhulu le-surfactant liya endaweni ehlangana namanzi kawoyela, okubangela ukubhujiswa kwegwebu, ngakho alivimbi ungqimba kawoyela futhi liyi-agent ekhethiwe yokuvala amanzi emithonjeni kawoyela. I-ejenti yokuxhuma amanzi esimendeni esekelwe uwoyela iyisimende esifakwe emafutheni. Ubuso besimende buyamanzi. Uma ingena engqimbeni ekhiqiza amanzi, amanzi asusa uwoyela ebusweni besimende bese esabela esimendeni, okwenza usimende uqine futhi uvimbele ungqimba okhiqiza amanzi. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukugeleza kwalesi simende sokuxhuma, kuvame ukungezwa ama-surfactants ohlobo lwe-carboxylate kanye nohlobo lwe-sulfonate. I-ejenti yokuxhuma amanzi e-micellar esekelwe emanzini iyisisombululo se-micellar esakhiwe kakhulu yi-ammonium petroleum sulfonate, ama-hydrocarbon, ama-alcohols, njll. Uma ihlangana namanzi anosawoti omningi ekwakhekeni, ingaba yinkimbinkimbi ukuze ifinyelele umphumela wokuxhuma amanzi. Ama-ejenti okuxhuma amanzi esixazululo se-cationic surfactant esekelwe emanzini noma emafutheni, akhiwe kakhulu yi-alkyl carboxylate kanye ne-alkyl ammonium chloride surfactants, afaneleka kuphela ekwakhekeni kwesanti. I-ejenti yokuxhuma amanzi e-oyela esindayo esebenzayo iyi-oyela esindayo encibilikiswe nama-emulsifiers angaphakathi kwamafutha. Uma ihlangana namanzi ekwakhekeni, ikhiqiza i-emulsion yamanzi ku-oyela ene-viscosity ephezulu ukuze kufezwe injongo yokuxhuma amanzi. I-ejenti yokuxhuma amafutha emanzini ilungiswa ngokuhlanganisa uwoyela osindayo emanzini kusetshenziswa ama-surfactants e-cationic njengama-emulsifiers ku-oyela emanzini.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Jan-08-2026