1. Umqondo we-flotation
I-Flotation, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-flotation beneficiation, ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula amaminerali obuhlukanisa amaminerali awusizo kumaminerali e-gangue endaweni yokuhlangana kwesigaba se-gas-liquid-solid ngokusebenzisa umehluko ezimpahleni zamaminerali ahlukene kuma-ore, futhi ibizwa nangokuthi "ukuhlukaniswa kwe-interface". Zonke izinqubo zobuchwepheshe ezisebenzisa ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile i-phase interfaces ukufeza ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlayiya ngokusekelwe ekungafani kwezimpahleni ze-interface zezinhlayiya zamaminerali ahlukene zibizwa ngokuthi i-flotation.
Izakhiwo zobuso bamaminerali zibhekisela ezimpahleni ezibonakalayo, zamakhemikhali kanye nezinye zobuso bezinhlayiya zamaminerali, njengokumanzika kobuso, izakhiwo zikagesi zobuso, izinhlobo, ukugcwala, kanye nomsebenzi wezibopho zamakhemikhali zama-athomu obuso, njll. Izinhlayiya zamaminerali ezahlukene zinomehluko othile ezimpahleni zobuso. Ngokusebenzisa lo mehluko ezimpahleni zobuso bezinhlayiya, ukuhlukaniswa kwamaminerali kanye nokucebisa kungatholakala ngosizo lwezixhumi zesigaba. Ngakho-ke, inqubo yokuntanta ihilela izixhumi zesigaba ezintathu eziqinile zegesi-uketshezi.
Izakhiwo zomphezulu wamaminerali zingashintshwa ngokungenelela okwenziwe, ngenhloso yokwandisa umehluko womphezulu phakathi kwamaminerali awusizo kanye nezinhlayiya zamaminerali ze-gangue ukuze kube lula ukuhlukana kwazo. Ekuntanteni, ama-reagent okuntanteni avame ukusetshenziselwa ukushintsha izakhiwo zomphezulu wamaminerali ngokwenziwa, ukwandisa umehluko wezakhiwo zomphezulu phakathi kwamaminerali, ukwandisa noma ukunciphisa ukungakwazi kwamanzi kwamanzi ezindaweni zamaminerali, ukuze kulungiswe futhi kulawulwe ukuziphatha kokuntanteni kwamaminerali nokuthola imiphumela engcono yokuhlukana. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokuntanteni kuhlobene eduze nama-reagent okuntanteni.
Njengoba izakhiwo zobuso bezinhlayiya zamaminerali zihlukile kumapharamitha amaminerali anjengobuningi kanye nokuzwela kwamandla kazibuthe, okunzima ukuzishintsha, izakhiwo zobuso bezinhlayiya zamaminerali zingase zingenelele ngokwenziwa ukuze kube nomehluko odingekayo ezimpahleni zobuso phakathi kwamaminerali ukuze kuhlukaniswe. Ngakho-ke, ukuntanta kusetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlukaniseni amaminerali futhi kwaziwa njengendlela yokucubungula amaminerali ebanzi. Ikakhulukazi iyindlela yokucubungula amaminerali esetshenziswa kakhulu futhi ephumelelayo ekuhlukaniseni izinto ezincane nezincane kakhulu.
2. Izicelo ze-Flotation
Ukucubungula amaminerali kuwumsebenzi wokukhiqiza olungiselela izinto zokusetshenziswa zokuncibilikisa insimbi kanye nemboni yamakhemikhali, futhi ukuntanta kwegwebu sekungenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokucubungula amaminerali. Cishe zonke izinsiza zamaminerali zingahlukaniswa ngokuntanta.
Njengamanje, i-flotation isetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-ore ensimbi ane-ferrous ikakhulukazi ekuzuzeni insimbi ne-manganese, njenge-hematite, i-smithsonite, i-ilmenite namanye amaminerali; ama-ore ensimbi ayigugu ikakhulukazi ekuzuzeni igolide nesiliva; ama-ore ensimbi angenayo i-ferrous njengethusi, i-lead, i-zinc, i-cobalt, i-nickel, i-molybdenum, i-antimony, kufaka phakathi amaminerali e-sulfide njenge-galena, i-sphalerite, i-chalcopyrite, i-chalcocite, i-molybdenite, i-pentlandite, kanye namaminerali e-oxide njenge-malachite, i-cerussite, i-hemimorphite, i-cassiterite, i-wolframite; ukuhlukaniswa kwamaminerali kasawoti angeyona insimbi njenge-fluorite, i-apatite, i-barite, kanye namaminerali kasawoti ancibilikayo njengosawoti we-potash kanye nosawoti wedwala; kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwamaminerali angeyona insimbi kanye namaminerali e-silicate njengelahle, i-graphite, i-sulfur, idayimane, i-quartz, i-mica, i-feldspar, i-beryl, i-spodumene.
I-Flotation iqoqe ulwazi olucebile emkhakheni wokucubungula amaminerali, kanye nentuthuko eqhubekayo kwezobuchwepheshe. Kwamaminerali asezingeni eliphansi futhi ayinkimbinkimbi ngokwesakhiwo ayebhekwa njengangenalo inani lokusetshenziswa kwezimboni, manje asesetshenziswa kabusha (izinsiza zesibili) ngokusebenzisa i-flotation.
Njengoba izinsiza zamaminerali ziya ngokuya zincipha, amaminerali awusizo asatshalaliswa kahle futhi axutshwe ezinsimbini, okwenza ukuhlukaniswa kube nzima kakhulu; ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko zokukhiqiza, izimboni ezifana nezinto zensimbi namakhemikhali zinezidingo eziphakeme zezindinganiso zekhwalithi kanye nokunemba kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ezicutshunguliwe, okungukuthi, imikhiqizo ehlukanisiwe.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyadingeka ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi; ngakolunye uhlangothi, maqondana nenkinga yokuthi amaminerali kunzima ukuwahlukanisa ngenxa yobukhulu bezinhlayiya ezincane, ukuntanta kuye kwabonisa izinzuzo ngaphezu kwezinye izindlela, kwaba yindlela yokucubungula amaminerali esetshenziswa kakhulu futhi ethembisayo njengamanje. Izindlela zokuntanta ziye zathuthuka kancane kancane kusukela ekuqaleni zisetshenziselwa amaminerali e-sulfide kuya kumaminerali e-oxide kanye namaminerali angewona awensimbi. Manje, inani eliphelele lamaminerali acutshungulwa ukuntanta emhlabeni wonke lifinyelela ezigidigidini zamathani minyaka yonke.
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuntanta akusagcini emkhakheni wobunjiniyela bokucubungula izimbiwa, kodwa kuye kwanda kwaze kwaba sekuvikelweni kwemvelo, ukusansimbi, ukwenza amaphepha, ezolimo, imboni yamakhemikhali, ukudla, izinto zokwakha, imithi, i-biology kanye neminye imikhakha.
Isibonelo, ukubuyiswa kwezingxenye eziwusizo emikhiqizweni ephakathi, ama-volatiles kanye nama-slags e-pyrometallurgy; ukubuyiswa kwe-flotation kwezinsalela ze-hydrometallurgical leaching kanye nemikhiqizo yemvula esusiwe; ukususwa kwe-flotation embonini yamakhemikhali ukuze kukhishwe iphepha elisetshenzisiwe kanye ne-fiber ekubuyiselweni koketshezi lwe-pulp waste; ukukhishwa kukawoyela oluhlaza osindayo esihlabathini se-ore esiseceleni komfula, ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto ezincane ezingcolisayo, ama-colloid, amabhaktheriya, kanye nokususwa kokungcola kwensimbi encane emanzini angcolile kuyizindlela ezivamile zobunjiniyela bezemvelo.
Ngokuthuthuka kwezinqubo nezindlela zokuntanta, kanye nokuvela kwama-reagent amasha nemishini ephumelelayo yokuntanta, ukuntanta kuzosetshenziswa kabanzi ezimbonini nasemasimini amaningi. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi uma kusetshenziswa izinqubo zokuntanta, ama-reagent azokwenza izindleko zokucubungula zibe phezulu (uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlukaniswa kwamagnetic kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi); usayizi wezinhlayiya ezidingekayo ukuze kuzuze uketshezi uqinile; kunezici eziningi ezithinta inqubo yokuntanta, enezidingo zobuchwepheshe eziphezulu; futhi amanzi angcolile aqukethe ama-reagent asele ayingozi emvelweni.
3. Okuqukethwe kocwaningo lwe-flotation
Inqubo yokuntanta ihilela amaminerali aqinile kanye nemidiya yokuhlukanisa (amanzi, igesi). Okuqukethwe okuyinhloko kocwaningo kufaka phakathi izimiso eziyisisekelo zokuntanta, ama-reagent okuntanta, imishini yokuntanta, izinqubo zokuntanta, njll.
Umbono oyisisekelo wokuntanta uhlanganisa ukuntanta kwamaminerali, izakhiwo zezindawo zokuhlukanisa, njll., ukufunda izakhiwo zezindawo zokuhlangana zesigaba, ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezigaba, indlela yokwenza amaminerali amabhamuza abe maminerali, njll.; ucwaningo ngama-reagents okuntanta luhlanganisa izinhlobo, izakhiwo, izakhiwo, izindlela zokwenza, izindlela zokulungiselela nokusetshenziswa kwama-reagents; ucwaningo ngemishini yokuntanta luhlanganisa isakhiwo, isimiso sokusebenza kanye nezikhathi zokusetshenziswa kwemishini yokuntanta; ucwaningo ngezinqubo zokuntanta lubhekisela esakhiweni senqubo, ithonya nokulawulwa kwezinto zenqubo, kanye nohlelo lwe-reagent; ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ucwaningo ngokusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kwama-ore ahlukahlukene.
Uhlelo lwethiyori locwaningo lwe-flotation luhilela izifundo ezifana ne-process mineralogy, i-organic chemistry, i-inorganic chemistry, i-physical chemistry (i-interface chemistry, i-colloid chemistry), i-fluid mechanics, i-mechanical engineering, i-othomathikhi yokuthola, kanye nokuhlaziywa kobuchwepheshe kanye nokwezomnotho.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Feb-09-2026