Isenzo sokuhlanza sama-surfactants siyisici esiyisisekelo esinikeza ama-surfactants usizo lwawo olukhulu kakhulu. Sihilelekile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwezinkulungwane zemindeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sisetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene nakuzo zonke izinhlobo zokukhiqiza kwezimboni.
Ama-surfactant ayizithako ezisebenzayo eziyinhloko kuma-detergent; ngaphandle kwama-surfactant, bekungeke kube khona ama-detergent okwenziwa. Phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo ze-SAA, ama-surfactant e-anionic ayizinhlobo zokuqala zama-surfactant ezisetshenziswa kakhulu futhi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu, kanti isidingo samanje singaphezu kuka-50%. Ama-surfactant e-anionic azoqhubeka nokuba sesikhundleni esiphambili isikhathi esithile esikhathini esizayo.
1 Ama-surfactant e-Anionic
Izinhlobo zama-surfactants e-anionic asetshenziswa njengezihlanzi zifaka phakathi usawoti we-fatty acid (insipho), ama-alkylbenzene sulfonates (ABS), ama-fatty alcohol sulfates (AS), ama-fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene sulfates (AES),α-olefin sulfates (AOS), fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene carboxylates (AEC), kanye fatty acid methyl ester sulfonates (MES), njll.
1.1 Insipho
Ingxenye esebenza ebusweni yama-molecule ensipho ineshaja engemihle, phakathi kwayo i-long carbon chain fatty acid sodium kanye ne-potassium salts zibiza cishe u-25%. Le nsipho esetshenziswa kakhulu inezinzuzo zezinto zokusetshenziswa eziningi, ukulungiswa okulula, kanye nentengo ephansi. Ezimbonini, ngokuvamile yenziwa ngamafutha afana ne-beef tallow kanye ne-mutton tallow ngokusebenzisa i-saponification ene-alkali enamandla, kulandelwa usawoti kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwe-glycerol. Inkinga yayo enkulu ukuthi uma ihlangana nama-ion ensimbi e-divalent kanye ne-trivalent njenge-Ca²⁺, i-Mg²⁺, i-Fe²⁺, njll., kusisombululo samanzi, izokwakha insipho ye-calcium noma insipho ye-magnesium enokuncibilika okuphansi kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela ilahlekelwe yizimfanelo zokuhlanza ezifanele zensipho.
1.2I-Alkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS)
I-Sodium alkylbenzenesulfonate (R-C6H6-SO3Na) iyi-surfactant ebaluleke kakhulu ye-anionic. Inomswakama omuhle emanzini futhi cishe i-ionized ngokuphelele. Usawoti wayo we-calcium ne-magnesium unokuncibilika okuphezulu emanzini, ngakho-ke inokumelana okuhle kwamanzi aqinile. Phakathi kwe-alkylbenzenesulfonates, i-alkylbenzene (LAS) eqondile inentengo ephansi, ine-detergent enamandla, ibola kalula, futhi inobungani nemvelo. Ngakho-ke, kuze kube manje, ayikho enye i-surfactant esetshenziswa njengesithako esisebenzayo se-detergent esingalingana ne-LAS maqondana nokusebenza kobuchwepheshe kanye nezinzuzo zezomnotho. Idunyiswa imboni ye-detergent yokwenziwa yomhlaba wonke njengamandla amakhulu ezinsipho zokwenziwa. Isetshenziswa kakhulu njenge-detergent yezimboni neyasekhaya. Imikhiqizo emele: I-Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate inomphumela omuhle kakhulu wokuwasha, kanti i-sodium octadecylbenzenesulfonate inomswakama onamandla kakhulu phakathi kochungechunge lwe-sodium alkylbenzenesulfonate.
1.3i-α-Olefin Sulfonate (AOS)
I-AOS iyisithako esisebenzayo esisebenza kahle kakhulu. Isetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-sanitizer ezandla, ama-shampoo, amabhavu okugeza anamabhamuza, ama-detergent okugeza izitsha, ama-ejenti okuhlanza ezimboni, kanye nama-detergent okuwasha izingubo.
1.4I-Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES)
I-R iyiqembu le-alkyl, kanti i-R' iyiqembu le-methyl. I-detergent ingcono uma i-R iyi-C16 kanye ne-C18, kanti ukumelana namanzi aqinile kungcono uma i-R iyi-C14. I-MES iyi-surfactant eyenziwe ngamafutha emvelo namafutha, enekhono elihle lokuwasha kanye namandla aqinile okuhlakaza insipho ne-calcium. Ihambisana kahle ne-zeolite futhi ifaneleka ekukhiqizeni insipho yokuwasha engena-phosphate. Amandla ayo okuhlakaza insipho ye-calcium aphezulu kakhulu kunalawo e-LAS, ngakho-ke inenzuzo ekukhiqizweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwensipho ehlanganisiwe kanye nensipho yokuwasha esekwe ensipho.
1.5I-Fatty Alcohol Sulfate (AS) kanye ne-Fatty Alcohol Ether Sulfate (AES)
I-AS inefomula ejwayelekile i-ROSO3Na, lapho i-R ingu-C14~C16, futhi ine-detergent enhle; i-AES inefomula ejwayelekile i-RO(C2H4O)nSO3Na, lapho i-R ingu-C14~C15 kanye ne-n=1—2, futhi ine-detergent enhle. Zombili i-AS kanye ne-AES zinokubola okuhle, i-detergent enamandla, kanye nezakhiwo ezinhle zokukhipha amagwebu. Zifaneleka ekwenzeni insipho ene-foam ephezulu. Zifaneleka ezinsipho ezilula ukuzinakekela noma zoboya futhi zisetshenziswa kabanzi ezindlini zokugeza ezinamabhamuza, ama-shampoo, izimonyo, insipho yokugeza izitsha ngezandla, insipho yemifino, insipho yasekhaya, njll.
2 Ama-surfactant angewona ama-ionic
Ama-surfactant angewona ama-ionic ane-detergent enhle ngokumelene nenhlabathi enamafutha futhi anekhono eliqinile lokuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwemicu yokwenziwa. Ane-resistance enamandla emanzini aqinile kanye nokugxila okuphezulu kwama-electrolyte. Inzuzo enkulu yama-surfactant angewona ama-ionic e-polyoxyethylene ukuthi ayakwazi ukuguquguquka ezindaweni ezimanzi nezimanzi. Inani le-EO lingalungiswa ukuze livumelane nezindawo ezihlukene, kufezwe i-detergent engcono kakhulu.
2.1I-polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether
Ifomula evamile: RO(C₂H₄O)ₙH, lapho i-R = C₁₂~C₁₈ kanye ne-n zilungiseka. Lolu hlobo lwenhlanganisela lune-detergent ephezulu, ebonakala kulezi zici ezilandelayo: i-low critical micelle concentration (cmc), okusho ukuthi isenamandla aphezulu okuhlanza ngamanani aphansi, i-detergent enamandla, kanye nezakhiwo zokulwa nokuguqulwa komhlabathi lapho igeza imicu yokwenziwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ine-detergent enhle yokushisa okuphansi. Iwuphawu olumhlophe kuya koluphuzi olukhanyayo ekushiseni kwegumbi. Uma incibilikiswa emanzini, inezakhiwo zokuhlanganisa, zokuhlanza, kanye nokumanzisa. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlotsheni zasekhaya nasezimbonini kanye nasezintweni zokuhlanza zensimbi.
2.2I-polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ether
Kule fomula, i-R ngokuyinhloko ingama-octyl, nonyl, kanye namaqembu e-dodecyl; i-n iyalungiseka. Ibonakala ngekhono elinamandla lokususa amabala namafutha kawoyela. Imikhiqizo emele ifaka uchungechunge lwe-OP, uchungechunge lwe-OPE, kanye nochungechunge lwe-SOPE. Izakhiwo zazo eziyinhloko ukumelana okunamandla nama-acid, ama-alkali, namanzi aqinile, futhi zisebenza njengezinto zokuhlanza, izinto zokumanzisa, izinto zokuhlanganisa izinsimbi zokucubungula insimbi, kanye nezinto zokuhlanza zezimboni.
2.3I-Alkyl Polyglycoside (APG)
I-Alkyl glycoside idunyiswa njengohlobo olusha lwe-surfactant engeyona i-ionic esezingeni lomhlaba.
Izinzuzo ze-APG: 1. Umsebenzi ophezulu wobuso kanye nokucindezeleka kobuso okuphansi kakhulu; 2. Akukho ndawo yamafu kanye nokuqina kokushisa okuphezulu; 3. Ukuhlanza okuhle kakhulu, amandla aqinile okugwedla, izakhiwo zokumanzisa kanye nezokuxubha, kanye nokuqina kokusabalala; 4. Kungcono kunanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-surfactant olukhona ngokwemibandela yokungabi nobuthi, ukucasuka kwesikhumba okuphansi, kanye nokubola. (Izinzuzo nezici ezivelele).
Ngakho-ke, ithandwa kakhulu yimikhakha eminingi efana nemboni yokuwasha, imboni yezimonyo, imboni yokucubungula ukudla, kanye nemboni yezemithi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yezici zayo zokuthi kulula ukuyihlanza futhi ayishiyi amabala, ifaneleka kakhulu ukusetshenziswa njengensipho yokuwasha izitsha zokudla, isihlanzi samabhodlela, njll.
I-APG isetshenziswa njengesihlanzi cishe kulezi zici ezilandelayo:
Izinsipho zokugeza nezinwele: Imikhiqizo eyenziwe kusetshenziswa i-APG ithambile futhi ayicasuli isikhumba, ine-foam ecebile necolekile. Ingadlala indima yokulwa nokuqina kwesikhumba uma isetshenziselwa ukugeza nge-shampoo. Iningi lale mikhiqizo liwuketshezi, kodwa lingenziwa futhi libe yizinti zensipho. Izinsipho zokugeza izitsha: Izinsipho zokugeza izitsha ezenziwe nge-APG zinezakhiwo ezinhle zokufaka igwebu, zithambile esikhumbeni, zishiya umuzwa omuhle wesandla ngemva kokusetshenziswa, kulula ukuzigeza, futhi azishiyi zimpawu.
Insipho yokuwasha: I-APG isetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni zokuwasha futhi ine-detergent enhle kakhulu. Ingasetshenziswa ekuhlanzeni izindwangu ezahlukahlukene (njengokotini, uboya, i-polyester, njll.). Ingasusa ngempumelelo amabala okungcola namafutha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inezakhiwo zokuthambisa, izakhiwo ezivimbela ukuqina, kanye nezakhiwo zokulwa nokuncipha. Futhi ingenziwa ibe yi-detergent yokuwasha esene-detergent enhle kakhulu uma isetshenziswa emanzini aqinile.
Ukuhlanza indawo eqinile: Ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa ekugezeni izitsha, i-APG ingasetshenziswa futhi ekuhlanzeni ezinye izinhlobo zezindawo eziqinile. Ama-detergent ngaphansi kwezimo ze-asidi enamandla angakhiwa kusetshenziswa i-APG njengengxenye esebenzayo. I-APG ekuyo inomsebenzi wokuvimbela izinsimbi zensimbi ukuthi zingangcoliswa futhi ziguge ngama-asidi.
3 I-surfactant ye-Zwitterionic
Isakhiwo sayo sama-molecule siqukethe kokubili amacala amahle nangalungile. Ngenxa yokwakheka kwayo kwama-molecule, inezici ezilandelayo ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa: ubuthi obuphansi kanye nokucasuka okuncane esikhumbeni nasemahlweni; ukubola kahle kanye nokuhambisana kahle; ukumanzi kahle, ukuhlanza, kanye nezakhiwo zokukhipha amagwebu. Kunezinhlobo ezilandelayo uma zisetshenziswa njengensipho.
3.1Uhlobo lwe-amino acid ye-N-acyl
Zisetshenziswa kakhulu njengezinto eziyisisekelo zama-shampoo kanye nezinto zokuhlanza. Zingamelana nama-acid abuthakathaka namanzi aqinile. Zinokucasuka okuncane kanye nobuthi obuphansi, futhi zingasetshenziswa ezimonyweni. Zinamandla amakhulu okusabalalisa insipho ye-calcium, ukuhlanza, kanye namandla okuhlanganisa. Embonini yezindwangu, isetshenziswa njengesihlanzi kanye ne-emulsifier, futhi ifanelekela ukugeza usilika noboya ngenxa yamandla ayo amancane okususa amafutha.
Ama-surfactants e-zwitterionic ohlobo lwe-Betaine anezinhlayiya ezinhle zezindwangu zikakotini kanye nezindwangu ezixutshwe yi-polyester/ukotini, ikakhulukazi i-hydroxyl sulfobetaine, enezinzuzo eziningi enqubweni yokuwasha. Isibonelo: i-dodecyl dimethyl betaine iwuketshezi olukhanyayo olungenambala noma oluphuzi olukhanyayo. I-cationic kuma-acidic media kanye ne-anionic kuma-alkaline media. Ibola kalula. Lo mkhiqizo unezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zokugqwala, ungenza izinwele zithambe, futhi ufanelekela ukukhiqiza ama-shampoo angacasuli anemiphumela yokulungisa izinwele, ama-shampoo ezingane, njll. Ngenxa yokumelana kwawo namanzi aqinile, usetshenziswa ekulungiseleleni insipho yamanzi aqinile. Ingasetshenziswa futhi njenge-fungicide.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Mashi-17-2026