Izinhlelo zokusabalala kwamanzi zivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu, futhi ngokuvamile zingasetshenziswa ukuhlaziya ubudlelwano phakathi kwesakhiwo se-surfactant kanye nokuhlakazeka. Njengezinhlayiya eziqinile ze-hydrophobic, zingamunca amaqembu e-surfactants angathandi amanzi. Endabeni yama-surfactants e-anionic, amaqembu e-hydrophilic abheke ngaphandle ayaxoshana ngenxa yamanani awo afanayo. Kusobala ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kokumunca kwama-surfactants kuyanda ngobude beketanga le-hydrophobic, ngakho-ke ama-surfactants aneketanga le-carbon elide abonisa ukuhlakazeka okungcono kunalawo aneketanga elifushane.
Ukwandisa ukuthambekela kwamanzi kwama-surfactants kuvame ukwandisa ukuncibilika kwawo emanzini, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ukumuncwa kwawo ebusweni bezinhlayiya. Lo mphumela uba sobala kakhulu lapho amandla okuxhumana phakathi kwe-surfactant nezinhlayiya ebuthakathaka. Isibonelo, ekulungiseleleni izinhlelo zokuhlakazwa kodayi wamanzi, ama-lignosulfonate dispersants ane-sulfonate angasetshenziswa kumadayi angena-hydrophobic kakhulu ukwakha izinhlelo zokuhlakazwa ezinokuqina okuhle kokushisa. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenzisa i-dispersant efanayo kumadayi angena-hydrophilic kuholela ekuqineni kokushisa okungekuhle; ngokuphambene nalokho, ukusebenzisa ama-lignosulfonate dispersants anezinga eliphansi le-sulfonation kuveza izinhlelo zokuhlakazwa ezinokuqina okuhle kokushisa. Isizathu salokhu ukuthi ama-dispersant ane-sulfonation ephezulu anokuncibilika okuphezulu emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, okubangela ukuthi asuke kalula ebusweni bamadayi angena-hydrophilic, lapho ukusebenzisana kokuqala sekuvele kubuthakathaka, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ukuhlakazeka.
Uma izinhlayiya ezihlakazekile ngokwazo zithwala amacala kagesi futhi kukhethwe i-surfactant enamacala aphambene, ukugoqeka kungenzeka ngaphambi kokuba amacala ezinhlayiya ancishiswe. Kuphela ngemva kokuba ungqimba lwesibili lwe-surfactant lufakwe ezinhlayiyeni ezithintekile ukushaja lapho ukuhlakazeka okuzinzile kungatholakala khona. Uma kukhethwe i-surfactant enamacala afanayo, ukumuncwa kwe-surfactant ezinhlayiyeni kuba nzima; ngokufanayo, ukumuncwa okwanele kokuqinisa ukuhlakazeka kutholakala kuphela ekugxilweni okuphezulu. Empeleni, ama-ionic dispersants asetshenziswayo ngokuvamile aqukethe amaqembu amaningi e-ionic asatshalaliswa.kulo lonke i-molecule ye-surfactant, kuyilapho amaqembu abo e-hydrophobic aqukethe amaketanga e-hydrocarbon angagcwele anamaqembu e-polar njengendandatho ye-aromatic noma izibopho ze-ether.
Kuma-surfactants e-polyoxyethylene angewona ama-ionic, amaketanga e-polyoxyethylene anamanzi amaningi adlulela esigabeni samanzi ngendlela egobile, edala isithiyo esisebenzayo se-steric ngokumelene nokuhlanganiswa kwezinhlayiya eziqinile. Okwamanje, amaketanga e-oxyethylene aminyene, anezingqimba eziningi anamanzi amaningi anciphisa kakhulu amandla e-van der Waals phakathi kwezinhlayiya, okwenza abe ama-dispersants amahle kakhulu. Ama-block copolymers e-propylene oxide kanye ne-ethylene oxide afaneleka kakhulu ukusetshenziswa njengama-dispersants. Amaketanga awo amade e-polyoxyethylene athuthukisa ukuncibilika emanzini, kuyilapho amaqembu awo e-polypropylene oxide hydrophobic enwetshiwe ekhuthaza ukumuncwa okunamandla ezinhlayiyeni eziqinile; ngakho-ke, ama-copolymers anamaketanga amade azo zombili izingxenye afaneleka kakhulu njengama-dispersants.
Uma kuhlanganiswa ama-surfactant e-ionic kanye nama-nonionic, uhlelo oluxubile alugcini nje ngokwenza ama-molecule angene esigabeni samanzi, akhe umgoqo oqinile ovimbela ukuhlangana kwezinhlayiya, kodwa futhi uthuthukisa amandla efilimu yokuxhumana ezinhlayiya eziqinile. Ngakho-ke, ohlelweni oluxubile, uma nje ukuncibilika okwandisiwe kwama-surfactant esigabeni samanzi kungavimbeli kakhulu ukumuncwa kwawo ebusweni bezinhlayiya, i-dispersant enezintambo ezinde ze-hydrophobic izobonisa ukusebenza okuphezulu kokuhlakazeka.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 31-2025