Ama-surfactants e-Amphoteric angama-surfactants aqukethe amaqembu e-anionic hydrophilic kanye namaqembu e-cationic hydrophilic ku-molecule efanayo. Isici sawo esibaluleke kakhulu ukuthi anganikela futhi amukele ama-proton. Anezici ezilandelayo ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa: Ama-surfactants e-Amphoteric ngokuvamile asebenza kahle ekugezeni, ekuhlakazeni, ekuhlanganiseni, ekuhlanzeni, ekuthambiseni imicu, kanye nasekuvimbeleni ukuguquka, futhi angasetshenziswa njengezinsiza zokuqeda indwangu, izinsiza zokudaya, izihlanzisi zensipho ye-calcium, ama-surfactants okuhlanza okomile, kanye nezithibi zokugqwala kwensimbi, njll. Anezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zokuthamba, ukushelela, kanye ne-antistatic zezindwangu; ezinye izakhiwo zokubulala amagciwane kanye nokuvimbela isikhunta; kanye nezakhiwo ezinhle zokuvimbela nokusabalalisa. Kodwa-ke, lolu hlobo lwe-surfactant lubiza kakhulu, futhi ububanzi balo bangempela buncane kunezinye izinhlobo zama-surfactants. Luyi-surfactant emnene. Ngokungafani nama-surfactants e-anionic noma e-cationic, ama-molecule e-surfactant e-amphoteric anamaqembu e-acidic kanye namaqembu ayisisekelo ekugcineni kwe-molecule. Amaqembu ane-acidic ikakhulukazi amaqembu e-carboxyl, i-sulfonic acid, noma i-phosphate, kanti amaqembu ayisisekelo amaqembu e-amino noma e-quaternary ammonium. Angaxutshwa nama-surfactants e-anionic kanye ne-nonionic futhi amelana nama-acid, ama-alkali, usawoti, kanye nosawoti wensimbi yomhlaba we-alkaline.
Njengamanje, ama-surfactant amphoteric asetshenziswa kakhulu anamaqembu e-carboxylate njengezingxenye zawo ze-anionic, kanti ambalwa anamaqembu e-sulfonate; izingxenye zawo ze-cationic ikakhulukazi ziyi-amine salts noma i-quaternary ammonium salts. Labo abanama-amine salts njengezingxenye ze-cationic babizwa ngokuthi uhlobo lwe-amino acid; labo abanama-quaternary ammonium salts njengezingxenye ze-cationic babizwa ngokuthi uhlobo lwe-betaine.
- Uhlobo lwe-amino acid
Isixazululo samanzi sama-surfactants e-amphoteric amphoteric uhlobo lwe-amino acid si-alkaline. Uma i-hydrochloric acid ingezwa kancane ngokuxubha, akukho shintsho lapho isixazululo siba singathathi hlangothi. I-precipitate yakheka lapho isixazululo siba ne-acid kancane. Uma kufakwa i-hydrochloric acid eningi ukuze kwenziwe isixazululo sibe ne-acid enamandla, i-precipitate iyancibilika futhi. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi iziphatha njenge-anionic surfactant endaweni ene-alkaline kanye ne-cationic surfactant endaweni ene-acid. Kodwa-ke, lapho izakhiwo ze-cationic ne-anionic zilingana kahle endaweni ye-isoelectric, i-hydrophilicity iyancipha, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwe-precipitate. I-anion ku-molecule iyiqembu le-carboxyl, kanti i-cation iyi-ammonium salt. Lolu hlobo lwe-surfactant lubonisa imisebenzi ehlukene ebusweni enezinguquko ku-pH ye-medium. Isibonelo, i-dodecylaminopropionic acid (C12H25N+H2CH2CH2COO-) ingaguqulwa ibe yi-sodium dodecylaminopropionate (C12H25NHCH2CH2COO-Na+) endaweni ye-sodium hydroxide, isebenza njenge-anionic surfactant encibilikayo emanzini. Endaweni ye-hydrochloric acid, ingaguqulwa ibe usawoti we-hydrochloride we-dodecylaminopropionic acid [(C12H25N+H2CH2CH2COOH)Cl-], isebenza njenge-cationic surfactant encibilikayo emanzini. Uma i-pH yendawo ilungiswa ukuze amacala amahle nangalungile alingane kahle, iguqulwa ibe usawoti wangaphakathi (C12H25N+H2CH2CH2COO-), ongancibiliki kahle emanzini futhi uphume. I-pH kuleli phuzu ibizwa ngokuthi iphuzu le-isoelectric. Ukuze isebenzise ngokugcwele umphumela wama-amino acid-type amphoteric surfactants, kumele asetshenziswe ezixazululweni zamanzi ezine-pH ephambuka endaweni ye-isoelectric. Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezivamile ezisetshenziswa ekulungiseleleni ama-surfactants e-amphoteric amphoteric zifaka phakathi ama-amine aphezulu e-aliphatic, i-methyl acrylate (bheka ama-ester e-acrylate), i-acrylonitrile, kanye ne-chloroacetic acid.
- Buhlobo lwe-etaine
Ama-surfactant e-amphoteric amphoteric anombala we-betaine anesici esikhulu sokuncibilika ezixazululweni zamanzi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ane-acidic, angathathi hlangothi noma ane-alkaline. Awabi nama-surfact ngisho nasephuzwini le-isoelectric. Ngaphezu kwalokho, anezakhiwo ezinhle ezifana nokuvuleka, ukuhlanza kanye nokusebenza okungahambi kahle. Ngakho-ke, angama-emulsifier nama-softeners amahle.
I-Carboxybetaine
I-anion e-molecule iyiqembu le-carboxyl, kanti i-cation iyiqembu le-ammonium le-quaternary. Isibonelo, i-alkyl dimethyl betaine [RN+(CH3)2CH2COO-], lapho iqembu le-alkyl R linama-athomu e-carbon angu-12 kuya kwangu-18. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlobo ze-amino acid, izinhlobo ze-betaine zingancibilika emanzini ku-acidic, neutral, noma alkaline media, futhi azibi khona ngisho nasephuzwini le-isoelectric, ngakho-ke zingasetshenziswa ezixazululweni zamanzi nganoma iyiphi i-pH. Ku-acidic media, lapho i-pH yephuzwi le-isoelectric iphansi, iziphatha njenge-surfactant ye-cationic encibilikayo emanzini [[RN+(CH3)2CH2COOH]Cl-]; ku-neutral noma ku-alkaline media, okungukuthi, lapho i-pH ilingana noma iphakeme kunephuzwi le-isoelectric, iziphatha njenge-surfactant ye-amphoteric encibilikayo emanzini futhi ayiziphathi njenge-surfactant ye-anionic. Ama-surfactant e-amphoteric avame ukwakha ama-precipitate nama-surfactants e-anionic kuphela ku-acidic media. Zingasetshenziswa kanye nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-surfactant ku-media enamanani ahlukahlukene e-pH. Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezivamile ezisetshenziselwa ukulungiselela ama-surfactants e-amphoteric e-betaine zifaka phakathi ama-alkyl dimethyl tertiary amines kanye ne-sodium chloroacetate, njll.
I-Sulfobetaine
Iqembu le-anionic ku-molecule yiqembu le-sulfo (SO3-), kanti iqembu le-cationic yiqembu le-quaternary ammonium. Ezivame ukusetshenziswa yi-alkyl dimethyl sulfonethyl betaines [RN+(CH3)2CH2CH2SO3-] kanye ne-alkyl dimethyl sulfopropyl betaines [RN+(CH3)2CH2CH2CH2SO3-]. Inani lama-athomu e-carbon kuqembu le-alkyl R kumafomula lisukela ku-12 kuya ku-18. Ama-Sulfobetaines anezakhiwo eziphelele; awagcini nje ngokuba nazo zonke izinzuzo zama-betaine ajwayelekile kodwa futhi anezinzuzo ezihlukile njengokumelana nokugxila okuphezulu kwama-acid, ama-alkali, nosawoti. Njengamanje, i-hydroxy sulfopropyl [RN+(CH3)2CH2CH(OH)CH2SO3-] isetshenziselwa ukufaka esikhundleni se-sulfopropyl betaines, ekhiqiza izinto eziyingozi emzimbeni womuntu ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa. Ngenxa yokuba khona kwamaqembu e-anionic kanye ne-cationic anamaqembu e-hydroxyl esakhiweni sawo, awagcini nje ngokuba nazo zonke izinzuzo zama-surfactants e-amphoteric kodwa futhi abonisa ukumelana nokugxila okuphezulu kwama-acid, ama-alkali, nosawoti, izakhiwo ezinhle zokuhlanganisa, ukusabalalisa, kanye nezokulwa ne-static, kanye nezakhiwo zokubulala amagciwane, ukubulala amagciwane, kanye ne-viscoelastic. Angama-surfactants asebenza kahle kakhulu futhi asetshenziswe kabanzi emikhakheni eyahlukene njengamakhemikhali ansuku zonke, ukufuduka kukawoyela we-oyili, ukuqhekeka, kanye nokwenza i-acid.
I-phospholipid betaine
Iqembu le-anionic ku-molecule yiqembu le-phosphate (HPO4-), kanti iqembu le-cationic yiqembu le-quaternary ammonium. Isibonelo, i-alkyl dimethyl hydroxypropyl phosphate betaine [RN+(CH3)2CH2CH(OH)CH2HPO4-], lapho iqembu le-alkyl R linama-athomu e-carbon angu-12 kuya kwangu-18. Lesi sakhiwo sinquma ukuthi asigcini nje ngokuba nezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zama-surfactants e-amphoteric njengokumanzi, ukuhlanza, ukuncibilikisa, ukuxuba kanye nokuhlakaza, impahla yokulwa ne-static, ukuzinza kokushisa, kanye nokuhambisana okuhle, ukucasuka okuphansi, kanye nezinzuzo ngaphezu kwama-surfactants ajwayelekile e-anionic njengokumelana okungcono kwe-alkali, ukumelana ne-electrolyte, kanye nempahla yokulwa ne-static, kodwa futhi sinokuhlakazeka kwensipho ye-calcium okuqinile, ukucindezeleka okuphansi kobuso, kanye nokusebenza okuhle kakhulu kwe-foam.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Feb-04-2026