Ama-surfactant amaningi akhiwe ngamakhemikhali alimaza imvelo ngenxa yokubola kwawo okungekuhle, ubuthi, kanye nokuthambekela kokuqongelela ezindaweni zemvelo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ama-surfactant ezinto eziphilayo—abonakala ngokubola okulula kanye nokungabi nobuthi ezinhlelweni zemvelo—afaneleka kangcono ekulawuleni ukungcola kobunjiniyela bezemvelo. Isibonelo, angasebenza njengabaqoqi be-flotation ezinqubweni zokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka, anamathele ezinhlayiyeni ze-colloidal ezishajelwe ukuze asuse ama-ion ensimbi anobuthi, noma asetshenziswe ekulungiseni izindawo ezingcoliswe ama-compounds ezinto eziphilayo kanye nezinsimbi ezisindayo.
1. Izicelo Ezinqubweni Zokuhlanza Amanzi Angcolile
Lapho kwelashwa amanzi amdaka ngendlela yemvelo, ama-ion ensimbi esindayo avame ukuvimbela noma ukufaka ubuthi emiphakathini yamagciwane odakeni olusebenzayo. Ngakho-ke, ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kubalulekile lapho kusetshenziswa izindlela zebhayoloji ukwelapha amanzi amdaka aqukethe ama-ion ensimbi esindayo. Njengamanje, indlela yokwehliswa kwe-hydroxide ivame ukusetshenziswa ukususa ama-ion ensimbi esindayo emanzini amdaka, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kahle kwemvula kunqunyelwe ukuncibilika kwama-hydroxide, okuholela emiphumeleni engokoqobo engemihle. Izindlela zokwehliswa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zivame ukunqunyelwa ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwabaqoqi be-flotation (isb., i-surfactant eyenziwe ngamakhemikhali i-sodium dodecyl sulfate) okunzima ukuwohloka ezigabeni zokwelashwa ezilandelayo, okuholela ekungcoleni kwesibili. Ngenxa yalokho, kunesidingo sokuthuthukisa ezinye izindlela ezibola kalula futhi ezingenabo ubuthi emvelweni—futhi ama-surfactants ezinto eziphilayo analezi zinzuzo.
2. Izicelo ku-Bioremediation
Enkambisweni yokusebenzisa ama-microorganisms ukugqugquzela ukuwohloka kokungcola kwezinto eziphilayo ngaleyo ndlela kulungiswe izindawo ezingcolisiwe, ama-surfactants ezinto eziphilayo anikeza amandla amakhulu okulungisa izindawo ezingcoliswe izinto eziphilayo endaweni yazo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi angasetshenziswa ngqo kusuka kuma-broth okubilisa, kususwe izindleko ezihambisana nokuhlukaniswa kwe-surfactant, ukukhipha, kanye nokuhlanzwa komkhiqizo.
2.1 Ukuthuthukisa Ukuwohloka Kwama-Alkanes
Ama-alkanes ayizingxenye eziyinhloko ze-petroleum. Ngesikhathi sokuhlola, ukukhipha, ukuthuthwa, ukucubungula, kanye nokugcina uphethiloli, ukukhishwa kwe-petroleum okungenakugwenywa kungcolisa inhlabathi kanye namanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Ukuze kusheshiswe ukonakala kwe-alkane, ukwengeza ama-surfactants ezinto eziphilayo kungathuthukisa ukunamathela kwamanzi kanye nokubola kwezinto ezibangela ukungezwani kwamanzi, kwandise inani lamagciwane, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe izinga lokubola kwama-alkanes.
2.2 Ukuthuthukisa Ukuwohloka Kwama-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (ama-PAH).
Ama-PAH athole ukunakwa okwandayo ngenxa “yemiphumela yawo emithathu ebangela umdlavuza” (ebangela umdlavuza, i-teratogenic, kanye ne-mutagenic). Amazwe amaningi awahlukanise njengezingcolisi ezibaluleke kakhulu. Izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi ukuwohloka kwamagciwane kuyindlela eyinhloko yokususa ama-PAH endaweni ezungezile, futhi ukuwohloka kwawo kuncipha njengoba inani lama-benzene rings landa: Ama-PAH anezindandatho ezintathu noma ngaphansi awonakala kalula, kuyilapho lawo anezindandatho ezine noma ngaphezulu kunzima ukuwaphula.
2.3 Ukususa Izinsimbi Ezinobuthi Ezisindayo
Inqubo yokungcoliswa kwezinsimbi ezisindayo ezinobuthi enhlabathini ibonakala ngokufihlwa, ukuzinza, kanye nokungaguquki, okwenza ukulungiswa kwenhlabathi engcoliswe yinsimbi esindayo kube yinto egxile ocwaningweni olude ezifundweni. Izindlela zamanje zokususa izinsimbi ezisindayo enhlabathini zifaka phakathi i-vitrification, i-immobilization/ukuzinza, kanye nokwelashwa ngokushisa. Nakuba i-vitrification ingenzeka ngokobuchwepheshe, ihilela umsebenzi omkhulu wobunjiniyela kanye nezindleko eziphezulu. Izinqubo zokuvimbela ukunyakaza ziyaguquguquka, okudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kokusebenza kokwelashwa ngemva kokusetshenziswa. Ukwelashwa ngokushisa kufaneleka kuphela izinsimbi ezisindayo ezishintshashintshayo (isb., i-mercury). Ngenxa yalokho, izindlela zokwelapha ngebhayoloji ezingabizi kakhulu ziye zathuthuka ngokushesha. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abacwaningi baqale ukusebenzisa ama-surfactants ebhayoloji angenabo ubuthi emvelweni ukuze balungise inhlabathi engcoliswe yinsimbi esindayo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba-08-2025