Ama-surfactants amaningi akhiwe ngamakhemikhali alimaza indawo ezungezile ngenxa yokungaboli kahle kwezinto eziphilayo, ubuthi, kanye nokuthambekela kokunqwabelana ku-ecosystem. Ngokuphambene, ama-surfactants ezinto eziphilayo—okuphawuleka ngokuwohloka kalula kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokungabi nobuthi ezinhlelweni zemvelo—afaneleka kangcono ekulawuleni ukungcola kubunjiniyela bemvelo. Isibonelo, bangasebenza njengabaqoqi be-flotation ezinqubweni zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile, bakhangise ezinhlayiyeni ze-colloidal ezishajwayo ukuze kukhishwe ama-ion ensimbi anobuthi, noma kusetshenziswe kumasayithi okulungisa angcoliswe inhlanganisela yezinto eziphilayo nezinsimbi ezisindayo.
1. Izicelo Ezinqubweni Zokuhlanza Amanzi Angcolile.
Lapho ukwelapha amanzi angcolile ngokwebhayoloji, ama-ion ensimbi esindayo ngokuvamile avimbela noma afake ushevu emiphakathini yama-microbial odaka olucushiwe. Ngakho-ke, ukwelashwa kusengaphambili kubalulekile lapho kusetshenziswa izindlela zebhayoloji ukwelapha amanzi angcolile aqukethe ama-ion ensimbi esindayo. Njengamanje, indlela ye-hydroxide precipitation ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukususa ama-ion ensimbi esindayo emanzini angcolile, kodwa ukusebenza kahle kwawo kwemvula kunqunyelwe ukuncibilika kwama-hydroxides, okuholela emiphumeleni esebenzayo engaphansi. Izindlela zokuntanta, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zivame ukukhawulelwa ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kweziqoqi ezintantayo (isb, i-sodium dodecyl sulfate eyenziwe ngamakhemikhali) okunzima ukuyehlisa ezigabeni zokwelashwa ezilandelayo, okuholela ekungcoleni kwesibili. Ngakho-ke, kunesidingo sokuthuthukisa ezinye izindlela ezingabola kalula futhi ezingenabo ubuthi endaweni ezungezile—futhi ama-surfactants e-biological anazo lezi zinzuzo.
2. Izicelo ku-Bioremediation.
Enqubweni yokusebenzisa ama-microorganisms ukukhuthaza ukucekelwa phansi kokungcoliswa kwemvelo futhi ngaleyo ndlela kulungiswe indawo engcolisiwe, ama-surfactants ebhayoloji anikeza amandla abalulekile okulungiswa kwezindawo endaweni yezindawo ezingcoliswe ngokwemvelo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi angasetshenziswa ngokuqondile kuma-broth okuvutshelwa, asuse izindleko ezihambisana nokuhlukaniswa kwe-surfactant, ukukhipha, nokuhlanzwa komkhiqizo.
2.1 Ukwenza ngcono Ukucekelwa phansi kwe-Alkanes.
Ama-Alkanes ayizingxenye eziyinhloko ze-petroleum. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwe-petroleum, ukukhipha, ukuthutha, ukucubungula, nokugcinwa, ukukhishwa kwe-petroleum okungenakugwemeka kungcolisa inhlabathi namanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Ukuze kusheshiswe ukuwohloka kwe-alkane, ukungeza ama-surfactants ebhayoloji kungathuthukisa i-hydrophilicity kanye nokubola kwe-biodegradability yezinhlanganisela ze-hydrophobic, kwandise inani lamagciwane, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukise izinga lokuwohloka kwama-alkanes.
2.2 Ukuthuthukisa Ukuwohloka Kwe-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs).
Ama-PAH athole ukunakwa okukhulayo ngenxa "yemiphumela emithathu ye-carcinogenic" (i-carcinogenic, i-teratogenic, ne-mutagenic). Amazwe amaningi awabeke njengezinto ezingcolisa umoya. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukucekelwa phansi kwamagciwane kuyindlela eyinhloko yokususa ama-PAH endaweni, futhi ukuwohloka kwawo kuncipha njengoba inani lamasongo e-benzene likhula: Ama-PAH anezindandatho ezintathu noma ngaphansi awonakala kalula, kuyilapho lawo anezindandatho ezine noma ngaphezulu kuyinselele kakhulu ukuwaphula.
2.3 Ukukhipha Izinsimbi Ezisindayo Ezinobuthi.
Inqubo yokungcoliswa kwezinsimbi ezisindayo ezinobuthi enhlabathini ibonakala ngokucasha, ukuzinza, nokungabuyiseleki emuva, okwenza ukulungiswa kwenhlabathi engcoliswe insimbi enzima kube yinto egxilwe isikhathi eside ocwaningweni ezifundweni. Izindlela zamanje zokususa izinsimbi ezisindayo emhlabathini zifaka i-vitrification, immobilization/stabilization, kanye nokwelashwa okushisayo. Nakuba i-vitrification ingenzeka ngobuchwepheshe, ifaka umsebenzi omkhulu wobunjiniyela kanye nezindleko eziphezulu. Izinqubo ze-immobilization ziyabuyiselwa emuva, okudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kokuphumelela kokwelashwa ngemva kokufaka isicelo. Ukwelashwa okushisayo kulungele kuphela izinsimbi ezisindayo eziguquguqukayo (isb, i-mercury). Ngenxa yalokho, izindlela zokwelapha ezingabizi kakhulu zezinto eziphilayo ziye zabona ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abacwaningi baqale ukusebenzisa izinto eziphilayo ezingezona ubuthi ukuze balungise inhlabathi engcoliswe izinsimbi ezinzima.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-08-2025