Menene biosurfactants?

Biosurfactants metabolites ne da ƙananan halittu ke fitarwa a lokacin da suke aiwatar da ayyukansu na rayuwa a ƙarƙashin takamaiman yanayi na noma. Idan aka kwatanta da surfactants da aka haɗa da sinadarai, biosurfactants suna da halaye daban-daban, kamar bambancin tsari, lalacewar halittu, faffadan ayyukan halittu, da kuma kyawun muhalli. Saboda dalilai kamar samuwar kayan abu, farashi, da iyakokin aiki na surfactants na roba - tare da yanayinsu na haifar da gurɓataccen muhalli mai tsanani da kuma haifar da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam yayin samarwa da amfani - bincike kan biosurfactants ya karu sosai a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata yayin da wayar da kan jama'a game da muhalli da lafiya ya ƙaru. Fannin ya bunƙasa cikin sauri, tare da takardun izini da yawa da aka shigar a ƙasashen duniya don nau'ikan biosurfactants daban-daban da hanyoyin samar da su. A China, bincike ya fi mayar da hankali kan amfani da biosurfactants wajen inganta dawo da mai da kuma gyara halittu.

1. Nau'ikan Biosurfactants da kuma samar da nau'ikan

1.1 Nau'ikan Biosurfactants

Yawanci ana rarraba surfactants da aka haɗa ta hanyar sinadarai bisa ga ƙungiyoyin polar, yayin da ake rarraba biosurfactants bisa ga halayen biochemical da kuma ƙwayoyin cuta masu samar da su. Gabaɗaya an raba su zuwa nau'i biyar: glycolipids, phospholipids da fatty acids, lipopeptides da lipoproteins, polymeric surfactants, da kuma musamman surfactants.

1.2 Samar da Nau'in Biosurfactants

Yawancin halittun da ke samar da sinadarai masu rai (biosurfactants) suna da sinadaran ƙwayoyin cuta, yis, da fungi. Waɗannan nau'ikan halittun da ke samar da su galibi ana tantance su ne daga tafkuna, ƙasa, ko muhallin ruwa da suka gurɓata da mai.

2. Samar da Biosurfactants

A halin yanzu, ana iya samar da biosurfactants ta hanyoyi guda biyu: fermentation na ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma enzyme.

A lokacin fermentation, nau'in da yawan sinadaran halittu (biosurfactants) ya dogara ne da nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta, matakin girma, yanayin sinadarin carbon, yawan sinadarin N, P, da ions na ƙarfe (kamar Mg²⁺ da Fe²⁺) a cikin yanayin noma, da kuma yanayin noma (pH, zafin jiki, saurin tashin hankali, da sauransu). Fa'idodin fermentation sun haɗa da ƙarancin farashin samarwa, bambancin samfura, da kuma hanyoyi masu sauƙi, wanda hakan ya sa ya dace da manyan samar da masana'antu. Duk da haka, farashin rabuwa da tsarkakewa na iya zama mai yawa.

Sabanin haka, surfactants da aka haɗa ta hanyar enzyme galibi suna da tsarin ƙwayoyin halitta masu sauƙi amma suna nuna kyakkyawan aikin saman. Fa'idodin hanyar enzymatic sun haɗa da ƙarancin kuɗin cirewa, sauƙin gyara tsarin, tsarkakewa mai sauƙi, da sake amfani da enzymes da aka haɗa. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da surfactants da aka haɗa ta hanyar enzyme don samar da samfuran da aka ƙara masu daraja, kamar abubuwan magunguna. Kodayake farashin enzyme a halin yanzu yana da yawa, ana sa ran ci gaba a cikin injiniyan kwayoyin halitta don haɓaka kwanciyar hankali da aiki na enzyme zai rage kuɗaɗen samarwa.