Nā manaʻo hoʻolālā no nā ʻano hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai

1 Manaʻo Hoʻolālā Hoʻohuihui no nā Mea Hoʻomaʻemaʻe Wai

1.1 Koho ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai maʻamau i ʻekolu mau ʻano: neutral, acidic, a me alkaline.

Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe kūlohelohe ma nā wahi i kū ʻole i nā waikawa a me nā alkalis. Hoʻohana nui ke kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea kōkua hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me nā surfactants e hoʻoneʻe like i ka lepo mai ka ʻili o nā substrates.

Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe waikawa no ka wehe ʻana i ka popo a me ka wehe ʻana i ka unahi oxide o nā metala. ʻAʻole nui nā mea kōkua i loaʻa ma lalo o nā kūlana waikawa. Hoʻohana nui ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe waikawa i ka hopena ma waena o ka waikawa a me ka popo a i ʻole ka unahi oxide ma ka ʻili metala e ʻili i ka lepo. I ka manawa like, hoʻohana ʻia nā mea kōkua a me nā surfactants e emulsify a hoʻopuehu i ka lepo i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia e hoʻokō ai i ke kumu hoʻomaʻemaʻe. ʻO nā waikawa i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e komo pū me ka waikawa nitric, ka waikawa hydrochloric, ka waikawa sulfuric, ka waikawa phosphoric, ka waikawa citric, ka waikawa oxalic, ka waikawa acetic, ka waikawa methanesulfonic, ka waikawa dodecylbenzenesulfonic, ka waikawa boric, a pēlā aku. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe alkaline i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻoihana. No ka mea hiki i ka alkali ponoʻī ke saponify i nā aila mea kanu e hana i nā mea saponified hydrophilic, kūpono loa ia no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā ʻōpala aila. ʻO nā alkalis i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e komo pū me NaOH, KOH, sodium carbonate, wai ammonia, alkanolamines, a pēlā aku.

1.2 Ke koho ʻana i nā mea kōkua

I ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻoihana, kuhikuhi mākou i nā mea hoʻohui e kōkua no nā hopena hoʻomaʻemaʻe e like me nā mea kōkua hoʻomaʻemaʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea hoʻolaha chelating, nā mea pale i ka corrosion, nā mea hoʻopau i nā foam, nā fungicides antiseptic, nā hoʻomākaukau enzyme, nā mea hoʻopaʻa pH, a pēlā aku. Ua māhele ʻia nā mea kōkua i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā ʻano penei:

Nā mea hoʻolaha chelating: phosphates (sodium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium metaphosphate, sodium phosphate, etc.), organic phosphates (ATMP, HEDP, EDTMP, etc.), alkanolamines (triethanolamine, diethanolamine, monoethanolamine, isopropanolamine, etc.), amino carboxylates (NTA, EDTA, etc.), hydroxyl carboxylates (citrates, tartrates, gluconates, etc.), polyacrylic acid a me kāna mau derivatives (maleic-acrylic copolymer), etc.;

Nā mea pale i ka palaho: ʻano kiʻiʻoniʻoni oxide (chromates, nitrites, molybdates, tungstates, borates, etc.), ʻano kiʻiʻoniʻoni precipitation (phosphates, carbonates, hydroxides, etc.), ʻano kiʻiʻoniʻoni adsorption (silicates, organic amines, organic carboxylic acids, petroleum sulfonates, thiourea, urotropine, imidazoles, thiazoles, benzotriazoles, etc.);

Nā mea hoʻohemo i nā huʻa: organosilicon, polyether modified organosilicon, silicon-free defoamers, etc.

1.3 Koho ʻana o nā Surfactants

He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā Surfactants i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻoihana. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻemi i ke koʻikoʻi o ka ʻili o ka ʻōnaehana, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka permeability o ka huahana, a ʻae i ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe e komo koke i loko o ka lepo. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi hopena hoʻopuehu a me ka emulsifying ma nā ʻili aila i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia.

Ua māhele ʻia nā surfactants i hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā ʻano penei:

ʻAʻole ionic: alkylphenol ethoxylates (moʻo NP/OP/ TX), fatty alcohol ethoxylates (moʻo AEO), isomeric alcohol ethoxylates (moʻo XL/XP/TO), secondary alcohol ethoxylates (moʻo SAEO), polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene ether moʻo (moʻo PE/RPE), alkyl polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene, polyoxyethylene ether capped moʻo, fatty acid polyoxyethylene esters (EL), fatty amine polyoxyethylene ethers (AC), acetylenic diol ethoxylates, alkyl glycosides moʻo, etc.;

Anionic: sulfonates (alkylbenzene sulfonates LAS, α-olefin sulfonates AOS, alkyl sulfonates SAS, succinate sulfonates OT, fatty acid ester sulfonates MES, etc.), sulfate esters (K12, AES, etc.), phosphate esters (alkyl phosphates, fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether phosphates, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether phosphates, etc.), carboxylates (fatty acid salts, etc.);

Cationic: nā paʻakai ammonium quaternary (1631, 1231, a pēlā aku);
Nā ʻiona amphoteric: betaines (BS, CAB, a pēlā aku), nā waikawa amino; ammonium oxides (OB, a pēlā aku), imidazolines.