Cov tswv yim tsim rau cov tshuaj ntxuav dej ua cov tshuaj ntxuav

1 Lub Tswv Yim Tsim Qauv Rau Cov Tshuaj Ntxuav Uas Siv Dej

1.1 Kev Xaiv Cov Txheej Txheem

Cov txheej txheem ntxuav dej uas siv ntau tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb hom: nruab nrab, kua qaub, thiab alkaline.

Cov tshuaj ntxuav uas tsis muaj zog feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov chaw uas tsis tiv taus cov kua qaub thiab alkalis. Cov txheej txheem ntxuav feem ntau siv cov tshuaj ntxuav thiab cov surfactants sib xyaw ua ke los tshem tawm cov av qias neeg ntawm cov khoom siv.

Feem ntau, kev ntxuav uas muaj kua qaub (acidic cleaning) yog siv rau kev tshem tawm xeb thiab tshem tawm cov hlau oxide. Tsis muaj ntau yam khoom pab txhawb nqa nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej acidic. Kev ntxuav uas muaj kua qaub feem ntau siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm kua qaub thiab xeb lossis cov oxide nplai ntawm qhov chaw hlau kom tev tawm cov av qias neeg. Tib lub sijhawm, cov khoom pab txhawb nqa thiab cov surfactants yog siv los emulsify thiab faib cov av qias neeg kom ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntxuav. Cov kua qaub uas siv ntau suav nrog nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, acetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, boric acid, thiab lwm yam. Kev ntxuav alkaline yog siv dav tshaj plaws hauv kev ntxuav kev lag luam. Vim tias alkali nws tus kheej tuaj yeem saponify cov roj zaub kom tsim cov tshuaj hydrophilic saponified, nws yog qhov tsim nyog heev rau kev ntxuav cov roj stains. Cov alkalis feem ntau siv suav nrog NaOH, KOH, sodium carbonate, ammonia dej, alkanolamines, thiab lwm yam.

1.2 Kev Xaiv Cov Neeg Pabcuam

Hauv kev ntxuav hauv kev lag luam, peb xa mus rau cov khoom ntxiv uas pab tau rau kev ntxuav ua cov khoom pab ntxuav, uas suav nrog cov tshuaj chelating dispersants, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv corrosion, cov tshuaj defoamers, cov tshuaj tua kab mob fungal, cov tshuaj enzyme preparations, pH stabilizers, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom pab siv feem ntau yog muab faib ua cov pawg hauv qab no:

Cov tshuaj chelating dispersants: phosphates (sodium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium metaphosphate, sodium phosphate, thiab lwm yam), organic phosphates (ATMP, HEDP, EDTMP, thiab lwm yam), alkanolamines (triethanolamine, diethanolamine, monoethanolamine, isopropanolamine, thiab lwm yam), amino carboxylates (NTA, EDTA, thiab lwm yam), hydroxyl carboxylates (citrates, tartrates, gluconates, thiab lwm yam), polyacrylic acid thiab nws cov derivatives (maleic-acrylic copolymer), thiab lwm yam.;

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev xeb: hom zaj duab xis oxide (chromates, nitrites, molybdates, tungstates, borates, thiab lwm yam), hom zaj duab xis nag (phosphates, carbonates, hydroxides, thiab lwm yam), hom zaj duab xis adsorption (silicates, organic amines, organic carboxylic acids, petroleum sulfonates, thiourea, urotropine, imidazoles, thiazoles, benzotriazoles, thiab lwm yam);

Cov tshuaj ua npuas ncauj: organosilicon, polyether hloov kho organosilicon, cov tshuaj ua npuas ncauj tsis muaj silicon, thiab lwm yam.

1.3 Kev Xaiv Cov Surfactants

Cov tshuaj surfactants ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb heev hauv kev ntxuav hauv kev lag luam. Lawv tuaj yeem txo qhov nro ntawm qhov system, txhim kho qhov permeability ntawm cov khoom, thiab cia cov neeg sawv cev ntxuav nkag mus rau hauv cov av sai sai. Lawv kuj muaj cov nyhuv dispersing thiab emulsifying rau cov roj stains uas tau ntxuav.

Cov surfactants uas siv ntau feem ntau yog muab faib ua pawg hauv qab no:

Tsis-ionic: alkylphenol ethoxylates (NP/OP/ TX series), fatty alcohol ethoxylates (AEO series), isomeric alcohol ethoxylates (XL/XP/TO series), secondary alcohol ethoxylates (SAEO series), polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene ether series (PE/RPE series), alkyl polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene, polyoxyethylene ether capped series, fatty acid polyoxyethylene esters (EL), fatty amine polyoxyethylene ethers (AC), acetylenic diol ethoxylates, alkyl glycosides series, thiab lwm yam.;

Anionic: sulfonates (alkylbenzene sulfonates LAS, α-olefin sulfonates AOS, alkyl sulfonates SAS, succinate sulfonates OT, fatty acid ester sulfonates MES, thiab lwm yam), sulfate esters (K12, AES, thiab lwm yam), phosphate esters (alkyl phosphates, fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether phosphates, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether phosphates, thiab lwm yam), carboxylates (fatty acid ntsev, thiab lwm yam);

Cationic: ntsev ammonium quaternary (1631, 1231, thiab lwm yam);
Cov ions amphoteric: betaines (BS, CAB, thiab lwm yam), amino acids; ammonium oxides (OB, thiab lwm yam), imidazolines.