Qhov them ntawm cationic surfactants yog qhov sib txawv ntawm anionic surfactants, yog li cationic surfactants feem ntau hu ua "inverse xab npum". Hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lawv cov qauv tshuaj lom neeg, lawv muaj tsawg kawg yog ib pawg hydrophobic ntev thiab ib pawg hydrophilic zoo. Cov pawg hydrophobic ntev feem ntau yog los ntawm cov roj fatty acids lossis cov tshuaj roj av, yog li cov roj amines yog cov khoom siv raw tseem ceeb rau cationic surfactants. Cationic surfactants muaj cov tshuaj ntxuav tsawg, tab sis lawv cov khoom tua kab mob thiab kev sib raug zoo rau kev nqus ntawm cov chaw tawv yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Hauv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce, lawv feem ntau siv ua cov tshuaj pleev plaub hau, fungicides, bacteriostats, softeners, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv caries, thiab lwm yam.
1. Cov roj amine ntsev
Cov roj amines yog cov organic bases. Lawv tsis muaj nqi hauv cov tshuaj neutral, tsis muaj cationic surface activity ntawm lub sijhawm no, thiab yog lipophilic thaum pH ntau dua 7. Tertiary amine ntsev tau los ntawm neutralization nrog inorganic lossis organic acids muaj solubility txaus thiab tau lees paub tag nrho tias yog cationic surfactants zoo. Organic ntsev feem ntau yog soluble ntau dua hauv dej dua li inorganic ntsev. Lawv tsis tshua siv hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav tes thiab cov tshuaj ntxuav tes.
Cov ntsev cations uas tsis yog quaternary ammonium muaj kev rhiab heev rau pH, ntau cov ions, thiab electrolytes. Ethoxylated amines, tsim los ntawm ethoxylation ntawm cov roj amines, yog cov surfactants uas tuaj yeem sib xws nrog cationic surfactants tom qab kev kho pH thiab muaj kev ntxuav zoo. Thaum cov roj amines raug neutralized nrog salicylic acid lossisα-chlorobenzoic acid, lawv cov haujlwm antifungal tuaj yeem txhim kho. Cov tshuaj quaternary ammonium ntawm cov amines fatty yog cov hom cationic surfactants siv dav tshaj plaws.
Cov ntsev ammonium Quaternary muaj kev ruaj khov zoo hauv cov kua qaub lossis alkaline media (qis dua 100°C). Qhov solubility ntawm cov ntsev quaternary ammonium muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog qhov ntev ntawm cov saw alkyl; qhov ntev ntawm cov saw, qhov qis dua qhov solubility hauv dej. C16-C18 monoalkyl trimethyl quaternary ammonium ntsev tsis yaj zoo hauv dej, yaj hauv cov kuab tshuaj polar, thiab tsis yaj hauv cov kuab tshuaj uas tsis yog polar. Dialkyl dimethyl quaternary ammonium ntsev yaj hauv cov kuab tshuaj uas tsis yog polar thiab tsis yaj hauv dej.
Cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm cov ntsev quaternary ammonium nyob rau hauv lawv cov adsorption ntawm cov chaw uas muaj cov roj tsis zoo thiab lawv cov teebmeem bactericidal thiab disinfectant. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias kev sib xyaw nrog anionic surfactants, oxides, peroxides, silicates, silver nitrate, sodium citrate, sodium tartrate, borax, kaolin, proteins, thiab qee cov polymers feem ntau yuav txo lawv lub zog bactericidal lossis ua rau turbidity.
Qhov solubility ntawm alkyl quaternary ammonium ntsev yog cuam tshuam nrog cov pab pawg hydrophilic; ntau cov pab pawg hydrophilic muaj, qhov zoo dua qhov solubility dej. Ib feem 5% ntawm isopropanol lossis 10% pawg feem aqueous kua muaj pH ntawm 6-9. Lawv muaj kev ruaj khov tshuaj zoo, tiv taus lub teeb, cua sov, cov kua qaub muaj zog, thiab cov alkali muaj zog, thiab muaj permeability, cov khoom antistatic, cov teebmeem bactericidal (nrog C12-C16 yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws), thiab kev tiv thaiv corrosion zoo heev. Alkyl dimethyl quaternary ammonium ntsev muaj ob pawg alkyl ntev ua pawg hydrophobic, qhia txog kev mos zoo, cov khoom antistatic, qee qhov muaj peev xwm bactericidal, nrog rau cov teebmeem wetting thiab emulsifying zoo. Lawv tsis khaus ntau dua li alkyl trimethyl quaternary ammonium ntsev, qhia txog cov khoom cationic hauv qab cov kua qaub tsis muaj zog, thiab tsim cov tshuaj tsis-ionic hauv qab cov xwm txheej nruab nrab thiab alkaline.
2. Alkyl imidazoline ntsev
Alkyl imidazoline yog ib yam khoom tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov roj fatty acids thiab cov ethylenediamines hloov. Cov amide ethylamine tsim los ntawm kev cua sov (feem ntau ntawm 220 ~ 240℃) hloov mus ua alkyl imidazoline.
Alkyl imidazoline yog ib qho organic monocyclic tertiary amine thiab yog ib qho nruab nrab-muaj zog. Nws yog ib qho cationic surfactant uas tuaj yeem adsorbed khov kho rau ntawm cov nplaim tsis zoo, xws li plaub hau, tawv nqaij, hniav, iav, ntawv, fibers, hlau, thiab cov khoom siv silicon. Cov ntsev uas tsim los ntawm cov kua qaub uas yaj hauv dej feem ntau tsim cov gels ntawm cov concentration siab. Acetates, nicotinates, phosphates, thiab sulfates yog yaj hauv dej, thaum lawv cov ntsev fatty acid ntev yog yaj hauv roj. Nws muaj kev ruaj khov zoo nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tsis muaj dej noo, tab sis cov siv lead ua yuav precipitate tom qab khaws cia ntev lossis khaws cia rau hauv qhov chaw kub qis, thiab nws tuaj yeem rov qab mus rau lub xeev sib xws thaum sov thiab do. Kev sib cuag nrog dej lossis noo noo yuav maj mam ua rau hydrolysis, hloov nws cov haujlwm. Kev ua kom sov ntev, txawm tias thaum qhov kub nce mus txog 165℃, yuav tsis cuam tshuam rau nws qhov ruaj khov, tab sis xim yuav hloov pauv. Nws tsim nyog sau tseg tias txij li thaum alkyl imidazoline yog lub hauv paus nruab nrab-muaj zog, nws ua rau khaus heev rau daim tawv nqaij thiab qhov muag, thaum cov ntsev alkyl imidazoline tau txo qis kev khaus.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Lub Ob Hlis-25-2026