Cov tshuaj surfactants ua haujlwm ntxuav yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas ua rau cov surfactants muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws. Nws koom nrog hauv lub neej txhua hnub ntawm ntau txhiab tsev neeg. Ntxiv mus, nws tau siv ntau dua hauv ntau yam lag luam thiab txhua yam kev tsim khoom lag luam.
Cov tshuaj surfactants yog cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav tes; yog tsis muaj cov tshuaj surfactants, yuav tsis muaj cov tshuaj ntxuav tes tsim. Ntawm txhua hom SAA, cov tshuaj anionic surfactants yog cov tshuaj surfactants uas siv thawj zaug thiab siv dav tshaj plaws, nrog rau qhov kev thov tam sim no ntau dua 50%. Cov tshuaj anionic surfactants yuav txuas ntxiv mus nyob hauv txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb rau ib lub sijhawm yav tom ntej.
1 Cov tshuaj Anionic Surfactants
Cov hom anionic surfactants siv ua cov tshuaj ntxuav feem ntau suav nrog cov ntsev fatty acid (xab npum), alkylbenzene sulfonates (ABS), fatty alcohol sulfates (AS), fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene sulfates (AES),α-olefin sulfates (AOS), fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene carboxylates (AEC), thiab fatty acid methyl ester sulfonates (MES), thiab lwm yam.
1.1 Xab npum
Cov tshuaj ntxuav tes uas muaj cov tshuaj ntxuav tes muaj cov roj carbon ntev uas muaj cov ntsev sodium thiab potassium txog li 25%. Cov tshuaj ntxuav tes no muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov khoom siv raw ntau, yooj yim ua, thiab pheej yig. Hauv kev lag luam, feem ntau nws yog ua los ntawm cov rog xws li nqaij nyuj thiab nqaij yaj los ntawm kev saponification nrog cov alkali muaj zog, ua raws li kev ntsev thiab kev sib cais ntawm glycerol. Qhov tsis zoo tshaj plaws yog tias thaum nws ntsib cov hlau divalent thiab trivalent xws li Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺, thiab lwm yam, hauv cov kua dej, nws yuav tsim cov tshuaj ntxuav tes calcium lossis magnesium uas muaj cov solubility tsawg heev, yog li poob cov yam ntxwv ntxuav ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav tes.
1.2Alkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS)
Sodium alkylbenzenesulfonate (R-C6H6-SO3Na) yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev anionic surfactant. Nws muaj cov solubility zoo hauv dej thiab yuav luag tag nrho ionized. Nws cov calcium thiab magnesium ntsev muaj cov solubility siab hauv dej, yog li nws muaj cov dej tawv zoo. Ntawm cov alkylbenzenesulfonates, linear alkylbenzene (LAS) yog tus nqi qis, muaj cov tshuaj ntxuav muaj zog, yooj yim biodegradable, thiab yog tus phooj ywg ib puag ncig. Yog li ntawd, txog tam sim no, tsis muaj lwm yam surfactant siv ua cov khoom xyaw nquag siv los ua cov tshuaj ntxuav tuaj yeem sib piv LAS hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev ua tau zoo thiab cov txiaj ntsig kev lag luam. Nws tau qhuas los ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj ntxuav thoob ntiaj teb ua lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav hluavtaws. Nws feem ntau yog siv ua tshuaj ntxuav kev lag luam thiab hauv tsev. Cov khoom sawv cev: Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate muaj cov nyhuv ntxuav zoo heev, thiab sodium octadecylbenzenesulfonate muaj cov tshuaj ntxuav muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm cov koob sodium alkylbenzenesulfonate.
1.3α-Olefin Sulfonate (AOS)
AOS yog ib yam tshuaj ntxuav tes uas ua haujlwm tau zoo heev. Nws feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav tes, tshuaj zawv plaub hau, cov dej da dej ua npuas dej, cov tshuaj ntxuav tais diav, cov tshuaj ntxuav hauv kev lag luam, thiab cov tshuaj ntxuav khaub ncaws.
1.4Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES)
R yog ib pawg alkyl, thiab R' yog ib pawg methyl. Qhov ntxuav zoo dua thaum R yog C16 thiab C18, thiab qhov tsis kam dej tawv yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thaum R yog C14. MES yog ib qho surfactant ua los ntawm cov roj thiab cov rog ntuj, nrog kev ua haujlwm ntxuav zoo thiab muaj zog dispersing xab npum-calcium. Nws muaj kev sib raug zoo zoo nrog zeolite thiab tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov tshuaj ntxhua khaub ncaws tsis muaj phosphate. Nws lub zog dispersing xab npum calcium siab dua li ntawm LAS, yog li nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tsim thiab siv cov tshuaj ntxuav xab npum sib xyaw thiab cov tshuaj ntxhua khaub ncaws raws li xab npum.
1.5Cov Cawv Fatty Cawv Sulfate (AS) thiab Cov Cawv Fatty Cawv Ether Sulfate (AES)
AS muaj cov mis dav dav ROSO3Na, qhov twg R yog C14 ~ C16, thiab nws muaj kev ntxuav zoo; AES muaj cov mis dav dav RO (C2H4O) nSO3Na, qhov twg R yog C14 ~ C15 thiab n = 1—2, thiab nws kuj muaj kev ntxuav zoo. Ob leeg AS thiab AES muaj kev puas tsuaj zoo, kev ntxuav muaj zog, thiab cov khoom ua npuas zoo. Lawv tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov tshuaj ntxuav ua npuas siab. Lawv tsim nyog rau kev saib xyuas yooj yim lossis cov tshuaj ntxuav plaub hau thiab siv dav hauv cov dab dej npuas, tshuaj zawv plaub hau, tshuaj pleev ib ce, tshuaj ntxuav tais diav, tshuaj ntxuav zaub, tshuaj ntxuav hauv tsev, thiab lwm yam.
2 Cov tshuaj surfactants uas tsis yog ionic
Cov tshuaj surfactants uas tsis yog ionic muaj cov tshuaj ntxuav zoo tiv thaiv cov av roj thiab muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kev rov ua qias tuaj ntawm cov xov paj hluavtaws. Lawv muaj zog tiv thaiv dej tawv thiab cov electrolytes ntau. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm polyoxyethylene non-ionic surfactants yog qhov hloov kho tau ntawm cov hydrophobic thiab hydrophilic moieties. Tus lej ntawm EO tuaj yeem hloov kho kom haum rau ntau yam substrates, ua tiav qhov ntxuav zoo tshaj plaws.
2.1Polyoxyethylene alkyl cawv ether
Cov mis mos dav dav: RO(C₂H₄O)ₙH, qhov twg R = C₁₂~C₁₈ thiab n yog hloov kho tau. Hom tshuaj no muaj kev ntxuav siab, uas yog pom tseeb hauv cov hauv qab no: qhov tsis tshua muaj micelle concentration (cmc), txhais tau tias nws tseem muaj lub zog ntxuav siab ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj concentration, muaj zog ntxuav, thiab tiv thaiv av rov qab thaum ntxuav cov xov hluavtaws. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws muaj kev ntxuav zoo hauv qhov kub qis. Nws yog ib qho dawb rau daj daj ntawm chav tsev kub. Thaum yaj hauv dej, nws muaj cov khoom emulsifying, ntxuav, thiab ntub. Nws feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav hauv tsev thiab kev lag luam nrog rau cov neeg ntxuav hlau.
2.2Polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ether
Hauv cov mis, R feem ntau yog octyl, nonyl, thiab dodecyl pawg; n yog hloov kho tau. Lawv muaj lub peev xwm tshem tawm cov roj thiab cov rog. Cov khoom sawv cev suav nrog OP series, OPE series, thiab SOPE series. Lawv cov khoom tseem ceeb yog kev tiv taus cov kua qaub, alkalis, thiab dej tawv, thiab lawv ua haujlwm ua cov tshuaj ntxuav tes, cov neeg sawv cev ntub dej, cov emulsifiers rau kev ua hlau, thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntxuav kev lag luam.
2.3Alkyl Polyglycoside (APG)
Alkyl glycoside tau qhuas tias yog ib hom tshiab ntawm cov tshuaj surfactant non-ionic hauv ntiaj teb.
Cov Zoo ntawm APG: 1. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw siab thiab qhov nruj ntawm qhov chaw qis heev; 2. Tsis muaj huab thiab ruaj khov thaum kub siab; 3. Kev ntxuav zoo heev, muaj zog ua npuas ncauj, cov khoom ntub thiab emulsifying, thiab kev ruaj khov dispersion; 4. Zoo dua li txhua hom surfactant uas twb muaj lawm hauv kev tsis muaj tshuaj lom, tsis khaus tawv nqaij, thiab biodegradability. (Cov txiaj ntsig zoo thiab cov yam ntxwv zoo heev).
Yog li ntawd, nws tau txais kev nyiam tshwj xeeb los ntawm ntau qhov chaw xws li kev lag luam ntxhua khaub ncaws, kev lag luam tshuaj pleev ib ce, kev lag luam ua zaub mov, thiab kev lag luam tshuaj. Ntxiv mus, vim nws yooj yim ntxuav thiab tsis tawm cov xim av, nws yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev siv ua cov tshuaj ntxuav tais diav, tshuaj ntxuav lub raj mis, thiab lwm yam.
APG siv ua tshuaj ntxuav hauv cov hauv qab no:
Cov tshuaj ntxuav da dej thiab plaub hau: Cov khoom siv APG ua yog mos thiab tsis ua rau khaus tawv nqaij, nrog cov npuas nplua nuj thiab zoo. Lawv kuj tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm tiv thaiv hluav taws xob thaum siv rau kev ntxuav plaub hau. Feem ntau ntawm cov khoom no yog kua, tab sis lawv kuj tuaj yeem ua rau hauv cov xab npum. Cov tshuaj ntxuav tais diav: Cov tshuaj ntxuav tais diav ua los ntawm APG muaj cov yam ntxwv ua npuas zoo, tsis ua rau tawv nqaij, tawm hauv tes zoo tom qab siv, yooj yim ntxuav, thiab tsis tawm qhov tsis pom.
Cov tshuaj ntxhua khaub ncaws: APG siv rau hauv cov tshuaj ntxhua khaub ncaws thiab muaj cov tshuaj ntxuav zoo heev. Nws tuaj yeem siv rau kev ntxuav ntau yam ntaub (xws li paj rwb, ntaub plaub, polyester, thiab lwm yam). Nws tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov av thiab cov roj av. Tib lub sijhawm, nws muaj cov khoom ua kom mos, cov khoom tiv thaiv hluav taws xob, thiab cov khoom tiv thaiv kev ntsws. Thiab nws tuaj yeem ua rau cov tshuaj ntxhua khaub ncaws uas tseem muaj cov tshuaj ntxuav zoo heev thaum siv hauv dej tawv.
Kev ntxuav qhov chaw tawv: Ntxiv rau kev siv rau kev ntxuav tais diav, APG kuj tseem siv tau rau kev ntxuav lwm yam chaw tawv. Cov tshuaj ntxuav hauv qab cov kua qaub muaj zog tuaj yeem tsim tau siv APG ua cov khoom xyaw nquag. APG hauv nws kuj muaj lub luag haujlwm los tiv thaiv cov hlau ferrous kom tsis txhob raug oxidized thiab corroded los ntawm cov kua qaub.
Nws cov qauv molecular muaj ob qho tib si zoo thiab tsis zoo. Vim yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm nws cov qauv molecular, nws muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no thaum siv: tsis muaj tshuaj lom thiab tsis khaus rau daim tawv nqaij thiab qhov muag; biodegradability zoo thiab sib xws; zoo wettability, detergency, thiab foaming zog. Muaj cov hom hauv qab no thaum siv ua tshuaj ntxuav.
3.1Hom amino acid N-acyl
Lawv feem ntau yog siv ua cov khoom siv rau cov tshuaj zawv plaub hau thiab cov tshuaj ntxuav. Lawv tuaj yeem tiv taus cov kua qaub tsis muaj zog thiab dej tawv. Nws muaj kev khaus tsawg thiab tsis muaj tshuaj lom, thiab tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce. Nws muaj lub zog faib cov xab npum calcium muaj zog, ntxuav tau, thiab ua kom emulsifying. Hauv kev lag luam textile, nws yog siv ua cov tshuaj ntxuav thiab emulsifier, thiab tsim nyog rau kev ntxuav cov ntaub txhob lo lo ntxhuav thiab ntaub plaub vim nws lub zog tsis zoo.
3.2Hom Betaine
Cov tshuaj ntxuav tes uas muaj betaine-type zwitterionic muaj cov tshuaj ntxuav zoo rau cov ntaub paj rwb thiab cov ntaub polyester/paj rwb sib xyaw, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hydroxyl sulfobetaine, uas muaj ntau qhov zoo dua hauv cov txheej txheem ntxuav. Piv txwv li: dodecyl dimethyl betaine yog cov kua tsis muaj xim lossis daj daj. Nws yog cationic hauv cov kua qaub thiab anionic hauv cov kua alkaline. Nws yooj yim lwj. Cov khoom no muaj cov khoom ua npuas zoo heev, tuaj yeem ua rau cov plaub hau mos, thiab tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov tshuaj zawv plaub hau uas tsis ua rau khaus nrog cov teebmeem ntawm cov plaub hau, cov tshuaj zawv plaub hau menyuam yaus, thiab lwm yam. Vim nws tsis kam dej zoo, nws yog siv rau hauv kev npaj cov tshuaj ntxuav dej tawv. Nws kuj tseem siv tau ua tshuaj tua kab mob.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Lub Peb Hlis-17-2026