Ngwa nke surfactants na mmepụta ubi mmanụ

Ojiji nkendị na-eme ka mmiri dị n'ime ala pụta ìhèna mmepụta ubi mmanụ

1. Surfactants eji egwupụta mmanụ dị arọ

N'ihi oke viscosity na enweghị mmiri dị ukwuu nke mmanụ dị arọ, ọ na-eweta ọtụtụ nsogbu na igwu ala. Iji wepụta mmanụ dị arọ ndị a, ọ dị mkpa mgbe ụfọdụ ịgbanye mmiri mmiri nke surfactant downhole iji gbanwee mmanụ dị arọ dị elu ka ọ bụrụ emulsion mmanụ dị obere viscosity ma wepụta ya n'elu. Ihe ndị e ji eme ihe na usoro mbelata viscosity mmanụ dị arọ a gụnyere sodium alkyl sulfonate, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene polyene polyamine, polyoxyethylene Vinyl alkyl alcohol ether sulfate sodium salt, wdg. Emulsion mmanụ dị n'ime mmiri chọrọ ikewapụ mmiri ahụ ma jiri ụfọdụ surfactants ụlọ ọrụ dị ka demulsifiers maka mmiri ịkpọ nkụ. Ihe ndị a na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị n'ime mmanụ bụ ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị n'ime mmanụ. A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe bụ cationic surfactants ma ọ bụ naphthenic acids, asphaltonic acids na nnu ígwè multivalent ha.

A naghị eji ngwa mgbapụta nkịtị gwupụta mmanụ dị arọ pụrụ iche, ọ na-achọkwa ịgba ọgwụ uzuoku maka mgbake okpomọkụ. Iji melite mmetụta mgbake okpomọkụ, a ga-eji ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị n'ime ya. Ịgba ụfụfụ n'ime olulu mmiri ahụ, ya bụ, ịgba ọgwụ na-eguzogide okpomọkụ dị elu na gas na-anaghị agbaze agbaze, bụ otu n'ime ụzọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe.

Ihe ndị a na-ejikarị eme ụfụfụ bụ alkyl benzene sulfonates, α-olefin sulfonates, petroleum sulfonates, sulfohydrocarbylated polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers na sulfohydrocarbylated polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers, wdg. Ebe ọ bụ na fluorinated surfactants nwere ọrụ dị elu n'elu ma kwụsie ike na acid, alkalis, oxygen, okpomọkụ na mmanụ, ha bụ ihe ndị na-eme ka ụfụfụ dị elu dị mma. Iji mee ka mmanụ gbasaa ngwa ngwa gafere usoro akpịrị nke nhazi ahụ, ma ọ bụ mee ka mmanụ dị n'elu nhazi ahụ dị mfe ịchụpụ, ọ dị mkpa iji surfactant a na-akpọ ihe na-agbasa ihe nkiri. Nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ ihe na-eme ka phenolic resin polymer rụọ ọrụ.

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1. Ihe ndị na-eme ka mmanụ dị nro rụọ ọrụ maka igwu mmanụ waxy

Iji mmanụ waxy eme ihe chọrọ mgbochi wax ugboro ugboro na iwepụ wax. Surfactants na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi wax na ihe na-ewepụ wax. E nwere surfactants na-agbaze mmanụ na surfactants na-agbaze mmiri nke a na-eji egbochi wax. Nke mbụ na-arụ ọrụ mgbochi wax site n'ịgbanwe njirimara nke elu kristal wax. Surfactants ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe na mmanụ bụ petroleum sulfonates na amine surfactants. Surfactants ndị na-agbaze mmiri na-arụ ọrụ mgbochi wax site n'ịgbanwe njirimara nke elu ndị e mepụtara wax (dị ka paịpụ mmanụ, mkpara sucker na elu akụrụngwa). Surfactants ndị dịnụ gụnyere sodium alkyl sulfonates, quaternary ammonium salts, alkane polyoxyethylene ethers, aromatic hydrocarbon polyoxyethylene ethers na sulfonate sodium salts ha, wdg. Surfactants eji ewepụ wax kewara n'ime akụkụ abụọ. A na-eji ihe ndị na-agbaze mmanụ eme ihe maka ihe ndị na-ewepụ wax nke sitere na mmanụ, na ụdị sulfonate nke mmiri na-agbaze, ụdị nnu ammonium quaternary, ụdị polyether, ụdị Tween, ụdị surfactants nke OP, ụdị Sulfate nke dị larịị ma ọ bụ sulfo-alkylated na ụdị OP.surfactantA na-eji s eme ihe n'ime ihe mkpofu ihe e ji mmiri kpụọ. N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ejikọtala ihe mkpofu ihe e ji mmiri kpụọ ihe n'ime obodo na nke mba ọzọ, ejikọtakwala ihe mkpofu ihe e ji mmanụ kpụọ ihe na ihe mkpofu ihe e ji mmiri kpụọ ihe iji mepụta ihe mkpofu ihe e ji mmanụ kpụọ ihe. Ihe mkpofu ihe a na-eji hydrocarbons na hydrocarbons aromatic agwakọtara dị ka usoro mmanụ, ma na-eji ihe mkpofu ihe e ji mmiri kpụọ ihe na-adịghị na ya nke nwere ebe igwe ojii kwesịrị ekwesị, okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru ngalaba ihe mkpofu ihe nke olulu mmanụ nwere ike iru ma ọ bụ gafere ebe igwe ojii ya, nke mere na ihe mkpofu ihe e ji mmiri kpụọ nwere ike. A na-agbaji ihe mkpofu ihe e ji mmiri kpụọ ihe tupu ọ banye na ngalaba ihe na-akpụ ihe, a na-ekewakwa ihe abụọ na-ekpochapụ ihe e ji mmiri kpụọ ihe, nke na-arụ ọrụ nke ihe mkpofu ihe e ji mmiri kpụọ ihe n'otu oge.

3. Surfactantseji ụrọ mee ka ọ kwụsie ike

A na-ekewa ụrọ na-eme ka ọ kwụsie ike n'akụkụ abụọ: igbochi mmụba nke mineral ụrọ na igbochi mbugharị nke mineral ụrọ. Enwere ike iji cationic surfactants dịka ụdị nnu amine, ụdị nnu ammonium quaternary, ụdị nnu pyridinium, na nnu imidazoline gbochie ọzịza ụrọ. Enwere ike iji flourine nke nwere nonionic-cationic surfactants iji gbochie mbugharị mineral ụrọ.

4. Surfactantseji eme ihe n'ihe gbasara acidification

Iji mee ka mmetụta acidification dịkwuo mma, a na-agbakwụnye ọtụtụ ihe mgbakwunye na ngwọta acid. Enwere ike iji surfactant ọ bụla nke dabara na ngwọta acid ma nwee ike itinye ya ngwa ngwa site na nhazi ahụ dị ka ihe na-egbochi acidification. Dịka fatty amine hydrochloride, quaternary ammonium salt, pyridine salt in cationic surfactants na sulfonated, carboxymethylated, phosphate ester salted or sulfate ester salted polyoxyethylene alkanes in amphoteric surfactants base phenol ether, wdg. Ụfọdụ surfactants, dị ka dodecyl sulfonic acid na nnu alkylamine ya, nwere ike ime ka mmiri acid dị na mmanụ mepụta emulsion acid-in-oil. Enwere ike iji emulsion a dị ka mmiri ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe acidified ma na-arụkwa ọrụ na-egbochi acidification.

Enwere ike iji ụfọdụ surfactants dị ka ihe mgbochi emulsifiers maka mmiri acidifying. Enwere ike iji surfactants nwere usoro alaka dịka polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene propylene glycol ether na polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene pentaethylene hexaamine dị ka ihe na-egbochi acidifying anti-emulsifiers.

Enwere ike iji ụfọdụ surfactants dị ka ihe enyemaka mmiri na-enweghị acid. Surfactants nke enwere ike iji dị ka ihe enyemaka mmiri na-agbapụta mmiri gụnyere ụdị nnu amine, ụdị nnu ammonium quaternary, ụdị nnu pyridinium, surfactants nonionic, amphoteric na fluorine.

Enwere ike iji ụfọdụ surfactants dị ka ihe na-egbochi acidifying anti-sludge, dị ka surfactants na-agbaze mmanụ, dị ka alkylphenols, fatty acids, alkylbenzenesulfonic acid, quaternary ammonium salts, wdg. Ebe ọ bụ na ha enweghị acid na-agbaze nke ọma, enwere ike iji nonionic surfactants gbasaa ha na mmiri acid.

Iji mee ka mmetụta acidification dịkwuo mma, a chọrọ itinye ihe na-agbanwe mmiri mmiri na mmiri acid iji gbanwee ike mmiri mmiri nke mpaghara dị nso na lipidophilic gaa na hydrophilic. Ngwakọta nke polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ethers na phosphate-salted polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ethers na-abanye site na nhazi ahụ iji mepụta oyi akwa adsorption nke atọ, nke na-arụ ọrụ na mmiri mmiri na mgbanwe.

Tinyere nke ahụ, e nwere ụfọdụ surfactants, dị ka fatty amine hydrochloride, quaternary ammonium salt ma ọ bụ nonionic-anionic surfactant, nke a na-eji dị ka ihe na-eme ka ụfụfụ acid rụọ ọrụ iji mezuo ebumnuche nke ibelata nchara na acidification miri emi, ma ọ bụ A na-eji nke a emepụta ụfụfụ ma jiri ya mee ihe dị ka mmiri tupu e tinye acidification. Mgbe a gbanyechara ha n'ime nhazi ahụ, a na-agba mmiri acid ahụ. Mmetụta Jamin nke ụfụfụ dị na ụfụfụ ahụ mepụtara nwere ike ịtụgharị mmiri acid ahụ, na-amanye mmiri acid ahụ ka ọ gbazee oyi akwa permeability dị ala, si otú a na-eme ka mmetụta acidification dịkwuo mma.

5. Surfactants eji eme ihe n'ihe gbasara mgbawa

A na-ejikarị usoro mgbawa n'ọhịa mmanụ ndị na-anaghị agafe agafe. Ha na-eji nrụgide eme ka ọkpụkpụ ahụ gbawaa iji mepụta mgbawa, ma na-eji proppant akwado mgbawa ahụ iji belata iguzogide mmiri mmiri ma mezuo ebumnuche nke ịbawanye mmepụta na nlebara anya. A na-eji surfactants emepụta ụfọdụ mmiri mgbawa dị ka otu n'ime ihe ndị mejupụtara ya.

A na-eji mmiri, mmanụ na ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri gbawaa mmanụ n'ime mmiri. Ihe ndị e ji eme ka mmiri gbawaa mmanụ bụ ionic, nonionic na amphoteric surfactants. Ọ bụrụ na ejiri mmiri gbara ọkpụrụkpụ mee ihe dị ka akụkụ mpụta ma jiri mmanụ mee ihe dị ka akụkụ dị n'ime, a pụrụ ịkwadebe mmiri gbawara mmanụ n'ime mmiri (polymer emulsion). Enwere ike iji mmiri gbawara mmanụ a na okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru 160°C ma nwee ike imebi mmiri gbawara mmiri ma wụpụ mmiri na akpaghị aka.

Mmiri Mgbawa Ụfụfụ bụ mmiri mgbawa nke na-eji mmiri eme ihe dị ka ihe mgbasa na gas dị ka usoro mgbasa. Ihe ndị bụ isi dị na ya bụ mmiri, gas na ihe na-eme ka ụfụfụ dị. A pụrụ iji alkyl sulfonates, alkyl benzene sulfonates, alkyl sulfate ester salts, quaternary ammonium salts na OP surfactants mee ihe niile dị ka ihe na-eme ka ụfụfụ dị. Ọnụọgụ nke ihe na-eme ka ụfụfụ dị na mmiri na-abụkarị 0.5-2%, oke nke olu nke usoro gas na olu ụfụfụ dị n'etiti 0.5-0.9.

Mmiri mgbaji nke dabere na mmanụ bụ mmiri mgbaji nke e ji mmanụ mee dị ka ihe mgbaji ma ọ bụ ihe mgbasa ozi. Mmanụ a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ebe ahụ bụ mmanụ nkịtị ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya dị arọ. Iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo mma na ọdịdị okpomọkụ ya, a ga-agbakwunye mmanụ sulfonate (ihe dị ka molekul 300-750). Mmiri mgbaji nke dabere na mmanụ gụnyekwara mmiri mgbaji nke sitere na mmanụ na mmiri mgbaji nke mmanụ. Ihe ndị e ji eme ihe na mbụ bụ anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants na nonionic surfactants, ebe ihe mgbaji ụfụfụ ejiri mee ihe na nke ikpeazụ bụ polymer surfactants nwere fluorine.

Mmiri na-agbaji nke na-emetụta mmiri na-eji ngwakọta nke mmanya (dị ka ethylene glycol) na mmanụ (dị ka kerosene) dị ka ihe na-agbasa mmiri, mmiri carbon dioxide dị ka usoro mgbasa, na mmiri polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether nke nwere nnu sulfate dị ka ihe na-eme ka mmiri gbawaa. Ma ọ bụ emulsion ma ọ bụ ụfụfụ nke e ji ihe na-afụ ụfụfụ mee iji gbawaa ihe ndị na-emetụta mmiri.

Mmiri mgbawa eji eme mgbawa na acidification bụ mmiri mgbawa na mmiri acidifying. A na-eji ya eme ihe n'ụdị carbonate, a na-emekwa ihe abụọ ahụ n'otu oge. Ihe metụtara surfactants bụ ụfụfụ acid na acid emulsion. Nke mbụ na-eji alkyl sulfonate ma ọ bụ alkyl benzene sulfonate dị ka ihe na-eme ka ụfụfụ dị nro, nke ikpeazụ na-ejikwa sulfonate surfactant dị ka ihe na-eme ka mmiri dị nro. Dị ka mmiri acidifying, mmiri mgbawa na-ejikwa surfactants dị ka ihe na-egbochi emulsifiers, ihe na-enyere aka iwepụ mmiri na ihe na-eme ka mmiri dị nro, nke a gaghị atụle ebe a.

6. Jiri surfactants maka njikwa profaịlụ na ihe mgbochi mmiri

Iji meziwanye mmetụta mmepe nke ịgba mmiri ma gbochie mmụba nke ọdịnaya mmanụ ala, ọ dị mkpa ịgbanwe profaịlụ nnabata mmiri na olulu mmiri ịgba mmiri ma mee ka mmepụta dịkwuo elu site na igbochi mmiri na olulu mmiri mmepụta. Ụfọdụ ụzọ njikwa profaịlụ na igbochi mmiri na-ejikarị ụfọdụ surfactants eme ihe.

Ihe na-achịkwa profaịlụ HPC/SDS bụ hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) na sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) n'ime mmiri dị ọcha.

A na-agbaze sodium alkyl sulfonate na alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride n'otu n'otu n'ime mmiri iji kwadebe mmiri abụọ na-arụ ọrụ, nke a na-agba n'ime otu otu. Mmiri abụọ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ na-akpakọrịta n'ime nhazi ahụ iji mepụta alkyl trimethylamine. Sulfite ahụ na-akpali ma na-egbochi oyi akwa permeability dị elu.

Enwere ike iji Polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers, alkyl aryl sulfonates, wdg dị ka ihe na-afụ ụfụfụ, gbazee na mmiri iji kwadebe mmiri na-arụ ọrụ, wee gbanye ya n'ime nhazi ahụ site na iji mmiri carbon dioxide na-arụ ọrụ, naanị n'oge nhazi ahụ (karịsịa elu). Oyi akwa a na-agbafe agbaze) na-emepụta ụfụfụ, na-emepụta mkpọchi, ma na-arụ ọrụ na njikwa profaịlụ.

Site na iji quaternary ammonium surfactant dị ka ihe na-afụ ụfụfụ nke a gbazere na silicic acid sol nke mejupụtara ammonium sulfate na iko mmiri wee gbanye ya n'ime nhazi ahụ, wee gbanye gas na-anaghị agbaze (gas eke ma ọ bụ chlorine), enwere ike ịmepụta ụdị mmiri mmiri na nhazi ahụ mbụ. Ụfụfụ dị na interlayer dispersion, nke na-esochi gelation nke silicic acid sol, na-emepụta ụfụfụ nwere ihe siri ike dị ka ihe mgbasa ozi, nke na-arụ ọrụ nke ijikọ akwa permeability dị elu na ijikwa profaịlụ ahụ.

Site n'iji sulfonate surfactants dị ka ihe na-eme ka ụfụfụ sie ike na ngwakọta polymer dị ka ihe na-eme ka ụfụfụ sie ike, wee tinye gas ma ọ bụ ihe na-emepụta gas, a na-emepụta ụfụfụ mmiri n'ala ma ọ bụ n'ime nhazi ahụ. Ụfụfụ a na-arụ ọrụ n'elu ala na oyi akwa mmanụ. Ọtụtụ ihe na-eme ka ihe ahụ na-agagharị na njikọ mmanụ na mmiri, na-akpata mbibi ụfụfụ, yabụ na ọ naghị egbochi oyi akwa mmanụ. Ọ bụ ihe na-egbochi mmiri na olulu mmanụ.

Ihe na-egbochi mmiri simenti nke e ji simenti mee bụ ihe e ji simenti kpuchie mmanụ. Elu simenti ahụ na-amịpụta mmiri. Mgbe ọ banyere n'ime oyi akwa na-emepụta mmiri, mmiri na-ewepụ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti olulu mmanụ na simenti dị n'elu simenti ahụ, na-eme ka simenti sie ike ma gbochie oyi akwa na-emepụta mmiri. Iji mee ka mmiri dị n'ime ihe a na-etinye n'ime ya ka mma, a na-agbakwụnyekarị carboxylate na sulfonate surfactants.

Ihe na-egbochi mmiri nke sitere na mmiri nke micellar bụ ihe na-egbochi mmiri nke nwere mmanụ ammonium sulfonate, hydrocarbons na alcohols. O nwere nnukwu mmiri nnu n'ime ya ma na-aghọ ihe na-adịghị mma iji nweta mmetụta mgbochi mmiri.

Ihe na-egbochi mmiri nke e ji mmiri mee ma ọ bụ nke e ji mmanụ mee bụ ihe na-egbochi mmiri nke a na-eji alkyl carboxylate na alkyl ammonium chloride salt active mee, ọ dịkwa mma maka nhazi ájá.

Mmanụ dị arọ nke na-egbochi mmiri bụ ụdị mmanụ dị arọ nke a na-agbaze na mmiri-n'ime-mmanụ. Ọ na-emepụta mmiri-n'ime-mmanụ nke na-agbaze nke ukwuu mgbe e mechara wepụ mmiri ahụ iji mezuo ebumnuche nke igbochi mmiri.

A na-akwadebe ihe na-egbochi mmiri site n'itinye mmanụ dị arọ n'ime mmiri site na iji cationic surfactant dị ka emulsifier mmanụ n'ime mmiri.

7. Jiri ihe ndị na-eme ka ájá dị nro mee ihe

Tupu a rụọ ọrụ njikwa ájá, a ga-agba mmiri ụfọdụ e ji surfactants kwadebe dị ka mmiri mmiri tupu e hichaa ihe e guzobere iji melite mmetụta njikwa ájá. Ugbu a, surfactants a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ anionic surfactants.

8. Surfactant maka mmiri mmiri na-akpọnwụ akpọnwụ site na mmanụ nkịtị

N'oge mgbake mmanụ mbụ na nke abụọ, a na-ejikarị ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị n'ime mmanụ eme ihe maka mmanụ a mịpụtara. E mepụtala ọgbọ atọ nke ngwaahịa. Ọgbọ nke mbụ bụ carboxylate, sulfate na sulfonate. Ọgbọ nke abụọ bụ obere molekul nonionic surfactants dịka OP, Pingpingjia na mmanụ castor sulfonated. Ọgbọ nke atọ bụ polymer nonionic surfactant.

N'oge ikpeazụ nke mgbake mmanụ nke abụọ na mgbake mmanụ nke atọ, mmanụ a na-emepụta na-adịkarị n'ụdị emulsion mmanụ na-abanye n'ime mmiri. E nwere ụdị demulsifiers anọ eji eme ihe, dị ka tetradecyltrimethyloxyammonium chloride na didecyldimethylammonium chloride. Ha nwere ike imeghachi omume na emulsifiers anionic iji gbanwee uru nguzozi mmanụ hydrophilic ha, ma ọ bụ Adsorbed n'elu ihe ndị dị n'ime ụrọ mmiri, na-agbanwe ike mmiri ha ma na-ebibi emulsions mmanụ na-abanye n'ime mmiri. Na mgbakwunye, enwere ike iji ụfọdụ surfactants anionic na surfactants nonionic na-agbaze mmanụ nke enwere ike iji dị ka emulsifiers mmiri na-abanye n'ime mmanụ dị ka demulsifiers maka emulsions mmanụ na-abanye n'ime mmiri.

1. Ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị nro maka ọgwụgwọ mmiri

Mgbe e kewapụrụ mmiri mmepụta olulu mmanụ na mmanụ nkịtị, a ga-agwọ mmiri e mepụtara ka o wee mezuo ihe achọrọ maka ịgbagharị mmiri. E nwere ihe isii e ji agwọ mmiri, ya bụ, mgbochi nchara, mgbochi nha, ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi nje, iwepụ oxygen, iwepụ mmanụ na iwepụ ihe siri ike. Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa iji ihe mgbochi nchara, ihe ndị na-egbochi nhazi mmiri, nje bacteria, ihe ndị na-egbu oxygen, ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị ọcha na ihe ndị na-anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, wdg. Ihe ndị a gụnyere ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị n'ime ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe:

Ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe ndị na-emebi ihe dị n'ime ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe dị ka ihe mgbochi nchara gụnyere nnu nke alkyl sulfonic acid, alkyl benzene sulfonic acid, perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid, linear alkyl amine salts, quaternary ammonium salts, na alkyl pyridine salts., nnu nke imidazoline na ihe ndị sitere na ya, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, polyoxyethylene dialkyl propargyl alcohol, polyoxyethylene rosin amine, polyoxyethylene stearylamine na polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers Alkyl sulfonate, nnu dị iche iche nke ammonium dị n'ime quaternary, di(polyoxyethylene) alkyl inner salts na ihe ndị sitere na ha.

Ihe ndị e ji eme ka ihe na-egbochi nsị gụnyere nnu phosphate ester, nnu sulfate ester, acetates, carboxylates na ihe ndị mejupụtara polyoxyethylene ha. Nkwụsi ike okpomọkụ nke nnu sulfonate ester na nnu carboxylate dị mma nke ukwuu karịa nke nnu phosphate ester na nnu sulfate ester.

Ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe ndị na-egbu nje (fungal surfactants) nke e ji emepụta ihe ndị na-egbu nje gụnyere nnu alkylamine linear, nnu ammonium quaternary, nnu alkylpyridinium, nnu imidazoline na ihe ndị e ji emepụta ya, nnu ammonium quaternary dị iche iche, alkyl di(polyoxy) Vinyl na nnu dị n'ime nke ihe ndị e ji emepụta ya.

Ndị na-emepụta ihe eji eme ihe na-eme ka ihe ndị na-adịghị mma dị n'ime ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe bụ ndị na-emepụta ihe nwere akụkụ alaka na otu sodium dithiocarboxylate.

10. Surfactant maka idei mmiri mmanụ kemịkalụ

Nweghachi mmanụ nke mbụ na nke abụọ nwere ike iweghachi 25%-50% nke mmanụ ala dị n'okpuru ala, mana enwere ọtụtụ mmanụ ala dị n'okpuru ala nke a na-apụghị ịchọtaghachi. Ime mgbake mmanụ ala nwere ike ime ka mgbake mmanụ ala dị mma. Nweghachi mmanụ ala nke atọ na-ejikarị usoro ide mmiri kemịkalụ eme ihe, ya bụ, itinye ụfọdụ ihe kemịkalụ na mmiri a gbara ọgwụ iji melite arụmọrụ ide mmiri mmiri. N'ime kemịkalụ ndị e ji mee ihe, ụfọdụ bụ ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị n'ime ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Okwu mmeghe dị mkpirikpi gbasara ha bụ ndị a:

A na-akpọ usoro mmiri ozuzo mmanụ kemịkalụ nke a na-eji surfactant dị ka ihe bụ isi a na-akpọ flooding surfactant. Surfactants na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'imeziwanye mgbake mmanụ site na ibelata nrụgide interfacial mmanụ na mmiri na ịbawanye ọnụọgụ capillaries. Ebe ọ bụ na elu nke ájá ájá na-enweta chajị na-adịghị mma, surfactants eji bụkarị anionic surfactants, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụkwa sulfonate surfactants. A na-eme ya site na iji ihe na-eme ka sulfonate (dị ka sulfonate trioxide) iji sulfonate petroleum fractions nwere nnukwu hydrocarbon dị ụtọ, wee mee ka ha ghara ịdị irè na alkali. Nkọwapụta ya: ihe na-arụ ọrụ 50%-80%, mmanụ mineral 5%-30%, mmiri 2%-20%, sodium sulfate 1%-6%. Petroleum sulfonate anaghị eguzogide okpomọkụ, nnu, ma ọ bụ ion metal dị oke ọnụ. A na-eji hydrocarbons kwekọrọ na ya emepụta sulfonates sịntetik site na iji usoro sịntetik kwekọrọ. N'ime ha, α-olefin sulfonate na-eguzogide nnu na ion metal dị elu. Enwere ike iji ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme ka mmanụ ghara ịdị ọcha na ihe ndị na-eme ka mmanụ ghara ịdị ọcha. Ngbanwe mmanụ na-eme ka mmanụ dị n'ime mmiri chọrọ ụdị ihe mgbakwunye abụọ: otu bụ ihe na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị ọcha, dịka isobutanol, diethylene glycol butyl ether, urea, sulfolane, alkenylene benzene sulfonate, wdg, nke ọzọ bụ dielectric, gụnyere nnu acid na alkali, ọkachasị nnu, nke nwere ike ibelata mmiri nke surfactant ma mee ka lipophilicity dịkwuo elu, ma gbanweekwa uru nguzozi hydrophilic-lipophilic nke ihe na-arụ ọrụ. Iji belata mfu nke surfactant ma melite mmetụta akụ na ụba, idei mmiri surfactant na-ejikwa kemịkalụ a na-akpọ ihe ndị na-eme ka mmadụ dị ndụ. Ihe ndị enwere ike iji dị ka ihe ndị na-eme ka mmadụ dị ndụ gụnyere ihe ndị na-eme ka mmadụ dị ndụ na ...

A na-akpọ usoro mwepụ mmanụ site na iji ihe abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa kemịkalụ nke mmanụ na-agbanwe agbanwe idei mmiri. Usoro mwepụ mmanụ a metụtara surfactants gụnyere: idei mmiri surfactant na polymer thickened surfactant; idei mmiri surfactant nke alkaline na alkali + surfactant ma ọ bụ surfactant na-eme ka alkali dị mma; idei mmiri nke dabeere na ihe mejupụtara ya na alkali + surfactant + polymer. Idei mmiri mejupụtara ya na-enwekarị ihe mgbake dị elu karịa otu mbanye. Dịka nyocha ugbu a nke usoro mmepe n'ụlọ na mba ofesi si dị, idei mmiri mejupụtara ya nwere uru dị elu karịa idei mmiri abụọ. Surfactants eji na idei mmiri mejupụtara ya bụkarị petroleum sulfonates, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ngwakọta sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid na carboxylates nke polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, na polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol alkyl sulfonate sodium salts. wdg. iji melite nnabata nnu ya. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ma n'ụlọ ma ná mba ọzọ etinyela nnukwu mkpa n'inyocha na ojiji nke biosurfactants, dị ka rhamnolipid, sopholipid fermentation broth, wdg., yana carboxylates eke na alkali lignin site na mmepụta akwụkwọ, wdg., ma enwetala nnukwu nsonaazụ na nnwale ubi na n'ime ụlọ. Mmetụta dị mma nke mwepụ mmanụ.