Ko te whakapūmau i te konganuku he tukanga whakaputa e whakarite ana i ngā rauemi mata mō te whakarewa konganuku me te umanga matū, ā, ko te whakapūmau i te pahuka kua noho hei tikanga whakapūmau nui rawa atu. Tata ki ngā rauemi kohuke katoa ka taea te wehewehe mā te whakamahi i te whakapūmau.
I tēnei wā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana te whakapūmau i roto i te whakangawari i ngā konganuku ferrous—te nuinga ko te rino me te manganese—pērā i te hematite, te smithsonite, me te ilmenite; ngā konganuku utu nui pērā i te koura me te hiriwa; ngā konganuku kore-ferrous pērā i te parahi, te mata, te konutea, te cobalt, te nickel, te molybdenum, me te antimony, tae atu ki ngā kohuke sulfide pērā i te galena, te sphalerite, te chalcopyrite, te bornite, te molybdenite, me te pentlandite, tae atu ki ngā kohuke waikura pērā i te malachite, te cerussite, te hemimorphite, te cassiterite, me te wolframite. E whakamahia ana hoki mō ngā kohuke tote kore-whakarewa pērā i te fluorite, apatite, me te barite, ngā kohuke tote wairewa pērā i te potash me te tote toka, me ngā kohuke kore-whakarewa me ngā kohuke silicate pērā i te waro, te graphite, te whanariki, ngā taimana, te quartz, te mika, te feldspar, te beryl, me te spodumene.
Kua nui te wheako o te mahi whakapūmau i roto i te ao o te whakapūmau, me te haere tonu o ngā whanaketanga hangarau. Ko ngā kohuke i whakaarohia i mua kāore he uara ahumahi nā te iti o te kounga, nā te uaua rānei o te hanganga, kei te whakahokia mai inaianei (hei rauemi tuarua) mā te whakapūmau.
I te mea ka iti haere ngā rauemi kohuke, ā, ka tohatohahia ngā kohuke whai hua ki roto i ngā konganuku kia maeneene, kia matatini hoki, kua piki haere te uaua o te wehenga. Hei whakaiti i ngā utu whakaputa, kua whakatakotohia e ngā ahumahi pēnei i ngā rauemi whakarewa me ngā matū he paerewa kounga teitei ake me ngā whakaritenga tika mō te tukatuka i ngā rauemi mata—arā, ko ngā hua kua wehea.
I tētahi taha, me whakapai ake te kounga, ā, i tētahi taha, nā te wero o te wehewehe i ngā kohuke pai kua piki haere te pai o te whakapūmau i ētahi atu tikanga, ā, kua whakatūria hei tikanga whakapai ake e whakamahia whānuitia ana, e whai hua ana hoki i ēnei rā. I te tīmatanga i whakamahia ki ngā kohuke whanariki, kua whānui haere te whakapūmau ki te whakauru i ngā kohuke waikura me ngā kohuke kore-whakarewa. I ēnei rā, ko te nui o ngā kohuke ā-tau o te ao e tukatukahia ana e te whakapūmau neke atu i te maha piriona tāne.
I ngā tekau tau tata nei, kua whānui ake te whakamahinga o te hangarau whakapūmau i tua atu i te hangarau tukatuka kohuke ki ngā mara pēnei i te tiaki taiao, te mahi whakarewa, te hanga pepa, te ahuwhenua, ngā matū, te kai, ngā rauemi, te rongoā, me te koiora.
Ko ētahi tauira ko te whakaora i ngā wāhanga nui mai i ngā hua takawaenga i roto i te pyrometallurgy, ngā mea mimiti, me te para; te whakaora i ngā toenga wai me ngā matūriki nekeneke i roto i te hydrometallurgy; te whakamahinga o te whakapūtanga i roto i te umanga matū hei tango i te waituhi pepa hangarua me te whakaora i ngā muka mai i te wai para penupenu; me ngā tono hangarau taiao noa pēnei i te tango hinu mata taumaha mai i ngā paru awa, te wehewehe i ngā poke totoka pai mai i te wai para, me te tango i ngā colloids, ngā huakita, me ngā poke konganuku iti.
I te whakapainga o ngā tukanga me ngā tikanga whakapūmau, me te putanga mai o ngā matū me ngā taputapu whakapūmau hou, tino whai hua, ka kitea he whānui ake ngā tono mō te whakapūmau puta noa i ngā ahumahi me ngā mara. Heoi, he mea tika kia mōhiotia ko te whakamahinga o te whakapūmau he nui ake ngā utu tukatuka (ki te whakataurite ki te wehenga aukume, ki te wehenga taumaha rānei), he kaha ake ngā whakaritenga mō te rahi o te matūriki whāngai, he maha ngā āhuatanga whai pānga ki te tukanga whakapūmau e hiahia ana kia tino tika te whakahaere, me ngā tūponotanga kino pea ki te taiao mai i te wai para kei roto ngā matū toenga.
Wā tuku: Whiringa-ā-rangi 14-2025